Biological monitoring

Upon a diagnosis, the clinical team faces two main questions: what treatment, and at what dose? Clinical trials' results provide the basis for guidance and support for official protocols that clinicians use to base their decisions. However, individuals do not consistently demonstrate the reported response from relevant clinical trials. The decision complexity increases with combination treatments where drugs administered together can interact with each other, which is often the case. Additionally, the individual's response to the treatment varies with the changes in their condition...

Few young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) meet glucose targets. Continuous glucose monitoring improves glycemia, but access is not equitable. We prospectively assessed the impact of a systematic and equitable digital-health-team-based care program implementing tighter glucose targets (HbA1c < 7%), early technology use (continuous glucose monitoring starts <1 month after diagnosis) and remote patient monitoring on glycemia in young people with newly diagnosed T1D enrolled in the Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control (4T Study 1)...

Obtaining information about cellular interactions is fundamental to the elucidation of physiological and pathological processes. Proximity labeling technologies have been widely used to report cellular interactions in situ; however, the reliance on addition of tag molecules typically restricts their application to regions where tags can readily diffuse, while the application in, for example, solid tissues, is susceptible. Here, we propose an "in-situ-tag-generation mechanism" and develop the GalTag technology based on galactose oxidase (GAO) for recording cellular interactions within three-dimensional biological solid regions...

OBJECTIVES: Freehand three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) is of great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment, it is often achieved with the aid of external devices (optical and/or electromagnetic, etc.) that monitor the location and orientation of the US probe. However, this external monitoring is often impacted by imaging environment such as optical occlusions and/or electromagnetic (EM) interference. METHODS: To address the above issues, we integrated a binocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on a US probe...

Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient and localized deposition of pulsed IR light without requiring any chemical or genetic pre-treatment of the target cells. Though the efficacy and short-term safety of INM have been widely demonstrated in both peripheral and central nervous systems, the investigations of the detailed cellular and biological processes and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still ongoing...

Near-infrared (NIR) luminescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging have attracted increasing attention for the real-time monitoring of biological samples due to high sensitivity, resolution, and pronounced signal detection depth, respectively. For improved contrast, both techniques require imaging agents possessing high absorption in the red-NIR range. Herein, we took advantage of a ternary complex formed with the anionic ytterbium(III) tetrakis (2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) ([Yb(tta)4 ]- ) and the cationic NIR-absorbing chromophore, 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-dicarbocyanine (Cy+ ), to evaluate its potential to act as a dual-mode NIR luminescence and PA imaging agent...

BACKGROUND: Disruptions in vascular formation attributable to chemical insults is a pivotal risk factor or potential etiology of developmental defects and various disease settings. Among the thousands of chemicals threatening human health, the highly concerning groups prevalent in the environment and detected in biological monitoring in the general population ought to be prioritized because of their high exposure risks. However, the impacts of a large number of environmental chemicals on vasculature are far from understood...

Clinical trials involving systemic neoadjuvant treatments in breast cancer aim to shrink tumors before surgery while simultaneously allowing for controlled evaluation of biomarkers, toxicity, and suppression of distant (occult) metastatic disease. Yet neoadjuvant clinical trials are rarely preceded by preclinical testing involving neoadjuvant treatment, surgery, and post-surgery monitoring of the disease. Here we used a mouse model of spontaneous metastasis occurring after surgical removal of orthotopically implanted primary tumors to develop a predictive mathematical model of neoadjuvant treatment response to sunitinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (RTKI)...

In the United States, lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) encompassing around 85% of total lung cancer cases. Late-stage patients with metastatic disease have worsening prognosis, highlighting the importance of longitudinal disease monitoring. Liquid biopsy (LBx) represents a way for physicians to non-invasively track tumor analytes, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and understand tumor progression in real-time through analyzing longitudinal blood samples...

Neurodegenerative diseases often exhibit a strong link with sleep disruption, highlighting the importance of effective sleep stage monitoring. In this light, automatic sleep stage classification (ASSC) plays a pivotal role, now more streamlined than ever due to the advancements in deep learning (DL). However, the opaque nature of DL models can be a barrier in their clinical adoption, due to trust concerns among medical practitioners. To bridge this gap, we introduce SleepBoost, a transparent multi-level tree-based ensemble model specifically designed for ASSC...

Biomarkers are crucial physiological and pathological indicators in the host. Over the years, numerous detection methods have been developed for biomarkers, given their significant potential in various biological and biomedical applications. Among these, the detection system based on functionalized DNA origami has emerged as a promising approach due to its precise control over sensing modules, enabling sensitive, specific, and programmable biomarker detection. We summarize the advancements in biomarker detection using functionalized DNA origami, focusing on strategies for DNA origami functionalization, mechanisms of biomarker recognition, and applications in disease diagnosis and monitoring...

BACKGROUND: Propofol is a widely used intravenous hypnotic. Dosing is mostly based on weight with great interindividual variation in consumption. Suggested factors affecting propofol requirements include age, gender, ethnicity, anxiety, alcohol consumption, smoking, and concomitant valproate use. Genetic factors have not been widely explored. METHODS: We studied 1000 women undergoing breast cancer surgery under propofol and remifentanil anesthesia. Depth of anesthesia was monitored with State Entropy TM...

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) has effects on anti-hepatic fibrosis, anti-tumor and prevention from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Yet, the capacity of GA to ameliorate the advance of HCC pertinent to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains to be clarified. We used the CCK-8 method to detect the optimal treatment concentration and time for L-02 cells, palmitic acid (PA)-induced L-02 cells and HepG2 cells, and selected 40 μM and 48 h to treat PA-induced L-02 cells and 60 μM for 24 h to treat HepG2 cells...

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) is associated with cognitive health, but the association can be affected by broader social, economic, and medical contexts. The US and China have very different developmental and epidemiological histories, and thus CMR among older people could be linked to cognitive function differently in the two countries. METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal OLS regression models were estimated for each country using nationally representative samples of populations over age 50: 7,430/4,474 Americans and 6,108/3,655 Chinese in the cross-sectional/longitudinal samples...

Saccharides and biocompounds as saccharide (sugar) complexes have various roles and biological functions in living organisms due to modifications via nucleophilic substitution, polymerization, and complex formation reactions. Mostly, mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides are stabilized to inactive glycosides, which are formed in metabolic pathways. Natural saccharides are important in food and environmental monitoring. Glycosides with various functionalities are significant in clinical and medical research...

PURPOSE: Standardization of x-ray cabinet irradiator dose, geometry, and calibration reporting is an ongoing process. Multi-tube designs have been introduced into the preclinical market and give a theoretical benefit but have not been widely assessed for use in preclinical irradiation conditions. The aim of this study was to report our experience commissioning a dual x-ray source cabinet irradiator (CIXD, Xstrahl Limited, United Kingdom) and assess the dose distribution for various experimental conditions...

H 2 O 2 is a key oxidant in mammalian biology and a pleiotropic signaling molecule at the physiological level, and its excessive accumulation in conjunction with decreased cellular reduction capacity is often found to be a common pathological marker. Here, we present a red fluorescent Genetically Encoded H 2 O 2 Indicator (GEHI) allowing versatile optogenetic dissection of redox biology. Our new GEHI, oROS-HT, is a chemigenetic sensor utilizing a HaloTag and Janelia Fluor (JF) rhodamine dye as fluorescent reporters...

This study is the first to determine the levels of heavy metals in commercially important fish species, namely Lates niloticus and Oreochromis niloticus and the potential human health risks associated with their consumption. A total of 120 fish samples were collected from the lower Omo river and Omo delta, with 60 samples from each water source. The fish tissue samples (liver and muscle) were analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer for nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn)...

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a water-related zoonotic disease. The disease is primarily transmitted from animals to humans through pathogenic Leptospira bacteria in contaminated water and soil. Rivers have a critical role in Leptospira transmissions, while co-infection potentials with other waterborne bacteria might increase the severity and death risk of the disease. METHODS: The water samples evaluated in this study were collected from four recreational forest rivers, Sungai Congkak, Sungai Lopo, Hulu Perdik, and Gunung Nuang...

In this study, multisensor remote sensing datasets were used to characterize the land use and land covers (LULC) flooded by Hurricane Willa which made landfall on October 24, 2018. The landscape characterization was done using an unsupervised K-means algorithm of a cloud-free Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) image, acquired during the dry season before Hurricane Willa. A flood map was derived using the histogram thresholding technique over a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 C-band and combined with a flood map derived from a Sentinel-2 MSI image...