Radio anatomy

Background : Introduced in the latest BCLC 2022, endovascular trans-arterial radioembolization (TARE) has an important role in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a "bridge" or "downstaging" of disease. The evolution of TARE technology allows a more flexible and personalized target treatment, based on the anatomy and vascular characteristics of each HCC. The flex-dose delivery program is part of this perspective, which allows us to adjust the dose and its radio-embolizing power in relation to the size and type of cancer and to split the therapeutic dose of Y90 in different injections (split-bolus)...

PURPOSE: The proximal radio-ulnar joint allows supination and pronation of the forearm and the humeroradial joint allows flexion and extension movements at the elbow joint. Although the proximal end of the radius is less common than other fractures, it is more common nowadays due to the prolongation of life expectancy, increased incidence of osteoporosis. There have been reports in the literature that success has not been achieved due to the lack of anatomical fit of the prosthesis. Knowledge of the morphometric features of the proximal end of the radius is important for the design of anatomically and biomechanically appropriate prostheses...

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging modality that utilizes powerful magnets and radio waves to generate detailed images of the brain, making it a valuable tool for investigating malformations of cortical development (MCD). Various MRI techniques, including 3D T1-weighted, multiplanar thin-sliced T2-weighted, and 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, can provide high-resolution images with excellent spatial and contrast resolution, allowing for a detailed visualization of cortical anatomy and abnormalities...

Autonomous Ultrasound Image Quality Assessment (US-IQA) is a promising tool to aid the interpretation by practicing sonographers and to enable the future robotization of ultrasound procedures. However, autonomous US-IQA has several challenges. Ultrasound images contain many spurious artifacts, such as noise due to handheld probe positioning, errors in the selection of probe parameters and patient respiration during the procedure. Further, these images are highly variable in appearance with respect to the individual patient's physiology...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The dose deposited outside of the treatment field during external photon beam radiotherapy treatment, also known as out-of-field dose, is the subject of extensive study as it may be associated with a higher risk of developing a second cancer, and could have deleterious effects on the immune system which compromise the efficiency of combined radio-immunotherapy treatments. Out-of-field dose estimation tools developed today in research, including Monte Carlo simulations and analytical methods, are not suited to the requirements of clinical implementation because of their lack of versatility and their cumbersome application...

PURPOSE: Pelvic gynecological surgeries, whether for malignant or benign conditions, frequently result in functional complications due to injuries to the autonomic nervous system. Recognizing the deep uterine vein (DUV) as an essential anatomical reference can aid in preserving these structures. Despite its significance, the DUV is infrequently studied and lacks comprehensive documentation in Terminologia Anatomica. This research endeavors to elucidate a detailed characterization of the DUV...

OBJECTIVE: Static 3-dimensional (3D) printing became attractive for operative planning in cases that involve difficult anatomy. An interactive (low cost, fast) 3D print allowing deliberate surgical practice can be used to improve interventional simulation and planning. BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment of complex aortic aneurysms is technically challenging, especially in case of narrow aortic lumen or significant aortic angulation (hostile anatomy). The risk of complications such as graft kinking and target vessel occlusion is difficult to assess based solely on traditional software measuring methods and remain highly dependent on surgeon skills and expertise...

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular aneurysm repair is well established as the gold standard in treating abdominal aortic aneurysms. Generally, endovascular repair is performed using a bi or trimodular stent graft, requiring placement of a contralateral iliac limb. Deployment of the contralateral iliac limb requires retrograde gate cannulation of the endograft main body contralateral limb. This step represents the crucial point of a standard endovascular repair procedure and can become challenging, especially in the case of high iliac tortuosity...

OBJECTIVE: In the era of flow diversion, there is an increasing demand to train neurosurgeons outside the operating room in safely performing clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. This study introduces a clip training simulation platform for residents and aspiring cerebrovascular neurosurgeons, with the aim to visualize peri-aneurysm anatomy and train virtual clipping applications on the matching physical aneurysm cases. METHODS: Novel, cost-efficient techniques allow the fabrication of realistic aneurysm phantom models and the additional integration of holographic augmented reality (AR) simulations...

Background The literature points towards the fact that paediatric elbow fractures happen more frequently and have greater variability when contrasted with adults. Between 65%-75% of pediatric fractures involve the upper extremity, and supracondylar humerus is the most common of them all. To know the exact site of injury and to estimate the degree of reduction after manipulation, the modified Baumann's angle, the Baumann's angle, the Humero-condylar angle, the Anterior humeral line, and the Radio-capitellar line are the parameters most commonly used...

In cancer patients, chemo/radio therapy may cause infertility by damaging the spermatogenesis affecting the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). In vitro differentiation of stem cells especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into germ cells has recently been proposed as a new strategy for infertility treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation and differentiation of SSCs using their co-culture with Sertoli cells and conditioned medium (CM) from adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs)...

The combination of positron-emission tomography (PET) with cross-sectional imaging in particular is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of head and neck tumors because, in addition to pure anatomy, the metabolic activity of tissue can be visualized and assessed. The combination of PET and computed tomography (CT) is already an established procedure in head and neck tumor patients in some indications, e.g., for primary tumor detection in cancer of unknown primary (CUP) syndrome or also after completed primary radio(chemo)therapy for evaluation of response, especially also with regard to nodal status...

Segmenting the median nerve is essential for identifying nerve entrapment syndromes, guiding surgical planning and interventions, and furthering understanding of nerve anatomy. This study aims to develop an automated tool that can assist clinicians in localizing and segmenting the median nerve from the wrist, mid-forearm, and elbow in ultrasound videos. This is the first fully automated single deep-learning model for accurate segmentation of the median nerve from the wrist to the elbow in ultrasound videos, along with the computation of the cross-sectional area of the nerve...

Ulnar wrist pain is a frequent symptom with many possible traumatic and non-traumatic causes. The complex anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist with the ulnocarpal complex including the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC), the distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) and the ulnar carpal bones make the differentiation between the possible causes difficult. A precise clinical investigation and appropriate imaging studies are essential for detecting the most important differential diagnoses, the first therapeutical steps and an early and appropriate referral to the hand surgeon...

We introduce a deep-learning- and a registration-based method for automatically analyzing the spatial distribution of nodal metastases (LNs) in head and neck (H/N) cancer cohorts to inform radiotherapy (RT) target volume design. The two methods are evaluated in a cohort of 193 H/N patients/planning CTs with a total of 449 LNs. In the deep learning method, a previously developed nnU-Net 3D/2D ensemble model is used to autosegment 20 H/N levels, with each LN subsequently being algorithmically assigned to the closest-level autosegmentation...

The combination of positron-emission tomography (PET) with cross-sectional imaging in particular is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of head and neck tumors because, in addition to pure anatomy, the metabolic activity of tissue can be visualized and assessed. The combination of PET and computed tomography (CT) is already an established procedure in head and neck tumor patients in some indications, e.g., for primary tumor detection in cancer of unknown primary (CUP) syndrome or also after completed primary radio(chemo)therapy for evaluation of response, especially also with regard to nodal status...

Monitoring the healthy development of a fetus requires accurate and timely identification of different maternal-fetal structures as they grow. To facilitate this objective in an automated fashion, we propose a deep-learning-based image classification architecture called the COMFormer to classify maternal-fetal and brain anatomical structures present in two-dimensional fetal ultrasound images. The proposed architecture classifies the two subcategories separately: maternal-fetal (abdomen, brain, femur, thorax, mother's cervix, and others) and brain anatomical structures (trans-thalamic, trans-cerebellum, trans-ventricular, and non-brain)...

Dose - volume histograms have been historically used to study the relationship between the planned radiation dose and healthy tissue damage. However, this approach considers neither spatial information nor heterogenous radiosensitivity within organs at risk, depending on the tissue. Recently, voxel-wise analyses have emerged in the literature as powerful tools to fully exploit three-dimensional information from the planned dose distribution. They allow to identify anatomical subregions of one or several organs in which the irradiation dose is associated with a given toxicity...

Osteoid osteomas are benign bone tumors that are commonly found in the cortical segments of long bone but can occasionally occur in the talus of the foot. They typically present in younger males and are characterized by lesions with a vascularized nidus surrounded by sclerotic bone. Plain radiographs can often miss the diagnosis, requiring further imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lesions often lead to a significant inflammatory response resulting in an impaired range of motion and nocturnal pain...

Pelvic ring injuries are uncommon but serious injuries. Percutaneous sacro-iliac screw fixation (SSF) is the standard treatment for posterior stabilization of pelvic fractures. Compression forces of the SSF might cause deformity of the sacrum and the pelvic ring. The aim of this radio-volumetric study is to evaluate the morphometry of the sacrum and pelvic ring in SSF for posterior pelvic fractures. (1) Methods: We conducted a radio-volumetric study measuring the bony sacral volume before and after SSF for a pelvic fracture based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the pre- and postoperative computed tomography scan of 19 patients with a C-type pelvic fracture...