Protoplasma

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a devastating immune-mediated disorder that has a detrimental effect on the citrus industry, with the distinguishing feature being an eruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study explored the alterations in antioxidant enzyme activity, transcriptome, and RNA editing events of organelles in C. sinensis during CLas infection. Results indicated that there were fluctuations in the performance of antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in plants affected by HLB...

The importance and regulation of adrenal androgen production and signaling are not completely understood and are scarcely studied. In addition, there is still a search for appropriate animal models and experimental systems for the investigation of adrenal physiology and disease. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) signaling and selenium (Se2+) exposure on androgen adrenal signaling via canonical androgen receptor (AR), and membrane androgen receptor acting as zinc transporter (zinc- and iron-like protein 9; ZIP9)...

Differences in stomatal density (SD) and stomatal index (SI) are associated with the conditions of the environment in which they are distributed. Mimosa species are important elements in different plant communities, yet knowledge of the ecological implications of its stomatal characteristics is scarce. For this reason, SD and SI were determined in seven Mimosa species from different environments in this study. Five individuals per species were selected, and a sample of leaflets was obtained from each. Fifteen mature leaflets per individual were then extracted and observed by optical microscopy...

Trema, a genus of the popularly known Cannabaceae, has recently been the subject of cannabinoid bioprospection. T. micrantha is a tree with pharmacological potential widely used in folk medicine. It has two types of glandular trichomes, bulbous and filiform, spread throughout the plant body. Considering the proximity of this species to Cannabis sativa and Trema orientalis, species containing cannabinoids, the glandular trichomes of T. micrantha are also expected to be related to the secretion of these compounds...

Transcriptional regulatory networks are pivotal components of plant's response to salt stress. However, plant adaptation strategies varied as a function of stress intensity, which is mainly modulated by climate change. Here, we determined the gene regulatory networks based on transcription factor (TF) TF_gene co-expression, using two transcriptomic data sets generated from the salt-tolerant "Tebaba" roots either treated with 50 mM NaCl (mild stress) or 150 mM NaCl (severe stress). The analysis of these regulatory networks identified specific TFs as key regulatory hubs as evidenced by their multiple interactions with different target genes related to stress response...

The germination and post-seminal development of Arecaceae are notably complex due to the microscopic dimensions of the embryonic axis, the occurrence of dormancy, and the diversity of reserve compounds. In-depth information on this subject is still limited, especially in terms of the basal sub-family Calamoideae. Mauritiella armata is widely distributed in the Amazon region and is considered a key species in flooded ecosystems (veredas) in the Cerrado biome. We sought to describe histogenesis and reserve compound dynamics during the germination of M...

Megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and embryogenesis of Liparis elliptica (family Orchidaceae, tribe Malaxideae, subtribe Malaxidinae) have been studied. It was shown that the L. elliptica embryo sac is monosporic and develops from the chalazal cell of the megaspore triad according to the modified Polygonum type. The embryo sacs are reduced to four-six nuclei. The suspensor is unicellular, spherical in shape, originating from the basal cell (cb). A unique feature of L. elliptica is the unitegmal ovule, which distinguishes this species from other members of the tribe Malaxideae...

The haploid and doubled haploid plants serve as valuable tools for breeders due to their ability to expedite the mapping of genes of agronomic importance, as well as accelerate the breeding cycle for generation of novel hybrids and improved homogenous varieties. Successful anther/microspore culture largely depends on the use of microspores at appropriate developmental stages at the time of culture, which can be specific for each plant species and genotype. In the present study, we described the visible morphological characteristics of flower buds and anthers at different developmental stages to identify the optimal microspore stage within the anther/buds of two pepper hybrids, Indra and Lakshmi...

Commelina erecta is a successful weed species. The aims of this study were to analyse the morpho-anatomy of the fruit and dimorphic seeds of the weed C. erecta, the dynamics and type of dormancy, and water entry. Flowers and fruits at different development stages were processed using standard anatomical techniques. Besides, experiments of imbibition, germinability and water entry were performed on both seed types. In the fruit of C. erecta, free and coated seeds are developed within dehiscent and indehiscent carpels, respectively...

Grape (Vitis L.), a highly valued fruit crop, poses significant challenges in genetic transformation and functional characterization of genes. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of a rapid and effective method for grape transformation and gene function identification. Here, we introduce a streamlined Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation system for grape calli. Optimal conditions were established with a leaf-derived callus induction medium; chiefly B5 medium supplemented with 0...

The mammalian skin and its appendages depend on tightly coordinated differentiation of epithelial cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway substrate 8 (EPS8) like 1 (EPS8L1) is enriched in the epidermis among human tissues and has also been detected in the epidermis of lizards. Here, we show by the analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data that EPS8L1 mRNA is co-expressed with filaggrin and loricrin in terminally differentiated human epidermal keratinocytes. Comparative genomics indicated that EPS8L1 is conserved in all main clades of mammals, whereas the orthologous gene has been lost in birds...

Chara has been used as a model for decades in the field of plant physiology, enabling the investigation of fundamental physiological processes. In electrophysiological studies, Chara has been utilized thanks to its large internodal cells that can be easily manipulated. Additionally, Chara played a pioneering role in elucidating the presence and function of the cytoskeleton in cytoplasmic streaming, predating similar findings in terrestrial plants. Its representation considerably declined following the establishment and routine application of genetic transformation techniques in Arabidopsis...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The thioredoxins (Trxs) are ubiquitous and they play a crucial role in various biological processes like growth and stress response. Although the functions of Trxs proteins are described in several previous reports, the function of the isoform Trxh2 of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.), designated as TdTrxh2, in abiotic stress response still unknown. Thus, we aimed in this study the functional characterization of TdTrxh2 through its expression in yeast cells and Arabidopsis plants. Sequence analysis revealed that TdTrxh2 protein shared the conserved redox site with the other Trxh from other plant species...

Laurus nobilis L. is an aromatic shrub or tree, Mediterranean element. The leaves are employed as a spice and for medicinal purposes. It is known by various names in Turkey, such as "defne, har and tehnel." In this study, 15 different laurel leaf samples were purchased from 6 different cities in Turkey, diagnosed, and evaluated in terms of quality. The conditions of use and sale of these samples were evaluated. The essential oils obtained from the leaf samples were analyzed, and their physical properties such as density, refractive index, and optical rotation were determined...

This study aimed to investigate the effects of clinorotation induced by 2-D clinostat on the growth, tropane alkaloid production, gene expression, antioxidant capacity, and cellular defense responses in the callus tissue of Hyoscyamus niger. Callus induction was conducted by putting hypocotyl explants in the MS culture medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 2,4-D and 1 mgL-1 BAP growth regulators. The sub-cultured calli were placed on a clinostat for 0, 3, 7, and 10 days (2.24 × 10-5 g on the edge of the callus ring)...

Insulinoma is an excessive insulin-released beta cell tumor. Pancreas cancer is one of the deadliest malignant neoplasms. Exosomes are secreted cell membrane vesicles containing a large number of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of exosomes on two cell lines of benign and malignant character. For the first time, exosomes were isolated from pancreatic island-derived progenitor cells (PID-PCs) and applied to INS-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells. In addition, exosomes isolated from PID-PC, MiaPaca-2, and INS-1 cells were characterized in order to compare their sizes with other previously isolated exosomes...

Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) has been mainly described in species-rich clades within Orchidaceae. We report GSI for a genus within Maxillariinae, one of the most conspicuous and diverse subtribes of neotropical orchids. Here, we describe the reproductive system of Brasiliorchis picta, B. phoenicanthera, and B. porphyrostele. Anatomical studies of fruit development showed that pollen tubes of aborted, self-pollinated flowers degenerate half-way in the stylar channel and never reach the ovules...

Nitrate (NO3 - ) is the primary source of nitrogen preferred by most arable crops, including wheat. The pioneering experiment on primary nitrate response (PNR) was carried out three decades ago. Since then, much research has been carried out to understand the NO3 - signaling. Nitrate is sensed by the dual affinity NO3 - transceptor NPF6.3, which further relays the information to a master regulator NIN-like protein 7 (NLP7) through calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK10, CPK30, CPK32), highlighting the importance of calcium ion (Ca2+ ) as one of the important secondary messengers in relaying the NO3 - signaling in Arabidopsis...