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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Carola Borries, Jeroen B Smaers, Carrie S Mongle, Andreas Koenig
OBJECTIVES: It seems to be commonly accepted that gestation length within the subfamily Colobinae lasts several weeks longer in the African tribe (Colobini) than in the Asian tribe (Presbytini) even though closely related taxa of similar body mass should have similar life histories. Suspecting problems with data provenance to cause the difference, we revisited the published records expecting similar gestation lengths in both tribes if based on vetted, accurate data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compiled published gestation length data for Colobini and Presbytini, labeling them as "unspecified" (n = 16) if the primary reference could not be located, methods were not described, and/or conceptions, the beginning of gestation, were determined based on sporadic observations of mating...
July 21, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#42
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Heather J H Edgar, Emily Moes, Cathy Willermet, Corey S Ragsdale
OBJECTIVES: Current methods of quantifying defects of dental enamel (DDE) include either gross or low-level examination for linear enamel hypoplasia, histological analysis of striae of Retzius, or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of a tooth or a tooth cast. Gross examination has been shown to miss many defects. Other methods can be destructive, require transporting samples, and are expensive. Here, we show that digital light microscopy (DLM) can be used for the analysis of DDE as indicated by widened perikymata spacing (WPS)...
July 17, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#43
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Margaret Corley, Juan Pablo Perea-Rodriguez, Claudia Valeggia, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
OBJECTIVES: We quantified variation in fecal cortisol across reproductive periods in Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) to examine physiological mechanisms that may facilitate biparental care. Specifically, we evaluated evidence for the explanation that owl monkeys have hormonal mechanisms to mobilize energy during periods when each sex is investing heavily in reproduction, that is, the gestation period for females and the infant care period for males. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2011 and 2015, we monitored 10 groups of Azara's owl monkeys from a wild population in Formosa, Argentina and collected fecal samples from 26 adults (13 males, 13 females)...
July 17, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#44
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Scott A Williams, David Pilbeam
OBJECTIVES: One of the most contentious issues in paleoanthropology is the nature of the last common ancestor of humans and our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos (panins). The numerical composition of the vertebral column has featured prominently, with multiple models predicting distinct patterns of evolution and contexts from which bipedalism evolved. Here, we study total numbers of vertebrae from a large sample of hominoids to quantify variation in and patterns of regional and total numbers of vertebrae in hominoids...
July 6, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#45
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Linda M Fedigan, Jeremy D Hogan, Fernando A Campos, Urs Kalbitzer, Katharine M Jack
OBJECTIVES: Infanticide in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) typically occurs in association with alpha male replacements (AMRs). Although infanticide is likely adaptive for males, it imposes costs on females that are difficult to quantify without long-term demographic data. Here we investigate effects of AMRs and infanticide on female reproductive success and how these costs affect capuchin groups. We investigate (1) effects of AMR frequency on the production of surviving infants; (2) energetic and (3) temporal "opportunity costs" of infant loss; and (4) how AMR frequency impacts capuchin group sizes...
July 1, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#46
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Stefania Sarno, Rajiv Boscolo Agostini, Sara De Fanti, Gianmarco Ferri, Silvia Ghirotto, Giorgia Modenini, Davide Pettener, Alessio Boattini
OBJECTIVES: Genetic drift and admixture are driving forces in human evolution, but their concerted impact to population evolution in historical times and at a micro-geographic scale is poorly assessed. In this study we test a demographic model encompassing both admixture and drift to the case of social-cultural isolates such as the so-called "Commons." MATERIALS AND METHODS: Commons are peculiar institutions of medieval origins whose key feature is the tight relationship between population and territory, mediated by the collective property of shared resources...
July 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#47
REVIEW
Sang-Hee Lee
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
July 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#48
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Katherine R Amato, Óscar M Chaves, Elizabeth K Mallott, Timothy M Eppley, Filipa Abreu, Andrea L Baden, Adrian A Barnett, Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, Sarah A Boyle, Christina J Campbell, Colin A Chapman, María Fernanda De la Fuente, Pengfei Fan, Peter J Fashing, Annika Felton, Barbara Fruth, Vanessa B Fortes, Cyril C Grueter, Gottfried Hohmann, Mitchell Irwin, Jaya K Matthews, Addisu Mekonnen, Amanda D Melin, David B Morgan, Julia Ostner, Nga Nguyen, Alex K Piel, Braulio Pinacho-Guendulain, Erika Patricia Quintino-Arêdes, Patrick Tojotanjona Razanaparany, Nicola Schiel, Crickette M Sanz, Oliver Schülke, Sam Shanee, Antonio Souto, João Pedro Souza-Alves, Fiona Stewart, Kathrine M Stewart, Anita Stone, Binghua Sun, Stacey Tecot, Kim Valenta, Erin R Vogel, Serge Wich, Yan Zeng
OBJECTIVES: Although fermented food use is ubiquitous in humans, the ecological and evolutionary factors contributing to its emergence are unclear. Here we investigated the ecological contexts surrounding the consumption of fruits in the late stages of fermentation by wild primates to provide insight into its adaptive function. We hypothesized that climate, socioecological traits, and habitat patch size would influence the occurrence of this behavior due to effects on the environmental prevalence of late-stage fermented foods, the ability of primates to detect them, and potential nutritional benefits...
July 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#49
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rafael Bisso-Machado, Nelson J R Fagundes
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to create a comprehensive summary of available mtDNA and Y-chromosome data for Native Americans from North, Central, and South America, including both modern and ancient DNA. To illustrate the usefulness of this dataset we present a broad picture of the genetic variation for both markers across the Americas. METHODS: We searched PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar for studies about mtDNA or Y-chromosome variation in Native American populations, including geographic, linguistic, ecological (ecoregion), archeological and chronological information...
June 28, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#50
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Justine Philippon, Enrique Serrano-Martínez, Clémence Poirotte
OBJECTIVES: Parasite selection pressures have driven the evolution of numerous behavioral defenses in host species, but recent studies revealed individual variation in their expression. As little is known about the factors causing heterogeneity among individuals in infection-avoidance behaviors, we investigated in woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) the influence of several environmental and individual characteristics on the tendency to avoid food contaminated by soil and by their own and conspecifics' feces...
June 25, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#51
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rodrigo Flores-Espinoza, Elius Paz-Cruz, Viviana A Ruiz-Pozo, Marcelo Lopez-Carrera, Alejandro Cabrera-Andrade, Leonor Gusmão, German Burgos
OBJECTIVES: According to demographic history, Ecuador has experienced shifts in its Native American populations caused by European colonization and the African slave trade. The continuous admixture events among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans occurred differently in each region of the country, producing a stratified population. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of genetic substructure in the Ecuadorian Mestizo population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 377 male and 209 female samples were genotyped for two sets of X-chromosomal markers (32 X-Indels and 12 X-STRs)...
June 25, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#52
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sheela Athreya, Allison Hopkins
Efforts to name and classify Middle Pleistocene Homo, often referred to as "Homo heidelbergensis" are hampered by confusing patterns of morphology but also by conflicting paleoanthropological ideologies that are embedded in approaches to hominin taxonomy, nomenclature, and the species concept. We deconstruct these issues to show how the field's search for a "real" species relies on strict adherence to pre-Darwinian essentialist naming rules in a post-typological world. We then examine Middle Pleistocene Homo through the framework of ethnobiology, which examines on how Indigenous societies perceive, classify, and name biological organisms...
June 12, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#53
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Profico Antonio, Buzi Costantino, Castiglione Silvia, Melchionna Marina, Piras Paolo, Veneziano Alessio, Raia Pasquale
OBJECTIVES: The statistical analysis of fossil remains is essential to understand the evolution of the genus Homo. Unfortunately, the human fossil record is straight away scarce and plagued with severe loss of information caused by taphonomic processes. The recently developed field of Virtual Anthropology helps to ameliorate this situation by using digital techniques to restore damaged and incomplete fossils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present the package Arothron, an R software suite meant to process and analyze digital models of skeletal elements...
June 12, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#54
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daniel Fidalgo, Mark Hubbe, Veronica Wesolowski
OBJECTIVE: The Southeast and South Coast of Brazil was inhabited during most of the Holocene by shellmound builders. Although there are cultural differences in the archaeological record between regions, it is still debatable how these differences may relate to different population histories. Here, we contribute to this discussion by exploring dental morphological affinities between several regional series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental morphology of 385 individuals from 14 archaeological sites was analyzed using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System...
June 11, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#55
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dana Kristjansson, Jon Bohlin, Astanand Jugessur, Theodore G Schurr
BACKGROUND: While well known for its Viking past, Norway's population history and the influences that have shaped its genetic diversity are less well understood. This is particularly true with respect to its demography, migration patterns, and dialectal regions, despite there being curated historical records for the past several centuries. In this study, we undertook an analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity within the country to elaborate this history from a matrilineal genetic perspective...
June 10, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#56
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Alice Toso, Simona Schifano, Charlotte Oxborough, Krista McGrath, Luke Spindler, Anabela Castro, Lucy Evangelista, Vanessa Filipe, Maria João Gonçalves, Antonio Marques, Inês Mendes da Silva, Raquel Santos, Maria João Valente, Iona McCleery, Michelle Alexander
OBJECTIVES: During the Middle Ages, Portugal witnessed unprecedented socioeconomic and religious changes under transitioning religious political rule. The implications of changing ruling powers for urban food systems and individual diets in medieval Portugal is poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the dietary impact of the Islamic and Christian conquests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiocarbon dating, peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS) and stable isotope analysis (δ13 C, δ15 N) of animal (n = 59) and human skeletal remains (n = 205) from Muslim and Christian burials were used to characterize the diet of a large historical sample from Portugal...
June 10, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#57
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cait B McPherson
Developmental plasticity facilitates energetically costly but potentially fitness-enhancing adjustments to phenotypic trajectories in response to environmental stressors, and thus may significantly impact patterns of growth, morbidity, and mortality over the life course. Ongoing research into epigenetics and developmental biology indicate that the timing of stress exposures is a key factor when assessing their impact on developmental processes. Specifically, stress experienced within sensitive developmental windows (SDWs), discrete developmental periods characterized by heightened energy requirements and rapid growth, may alter the pace and tempo of growth in ways that significantly influence phenotypic development over both the short and long term...
June 8, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#58
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Anastasia Brozou, Benjamin T Fuller, Vaughan Grimes, Niels Lynnerup, Jesper L Boldsen, Marie Louise Jørkov, Dorthe Dangvard Pedersen, Jesper Olsen, Marcello A Mannino
OBJECTIVES: By focusing on two Danish leprosaria (Naestved and Odense; 13th-16th c. CE) and using diet and origin as proxies, we follow a multi-isotopic approach to reconstruct life histories of patients and investigate how leprosy affected both institutionalized individuals and the medieval Danish community as a whole. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We combine archaeology, historical sources, biological anthropology, isotopic analyses (δ13 C, δ15 N, δ34 S, 87 Sr/86 Sr) and radiocarbon dating, and further analyze bones with different turnover rates (ribs and long bones)...
June 6, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
#59
JOURNAL ARTICLE
#60
REVIEW
Maryna Steyn, Nicholas Bacci
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
May 25, 2021: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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