European Neurology

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INTRODUCTION: Long COVID can also lead to neurological sequelae that affect existing diseases. This study explored how COVID-19 infection affects neurological patients and the relationship between long COVID and exacerbating factors. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on 85 patients with neurological diseases after COVID-19 at the Neurology Department, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Korea. The data were collected between August and October 2022...

INTRODUCTION: Contribution of T helper 1 and 2 cells-related cytokines to pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG) is well known. Recently, the contribution of follicular T helper (Tfh) and T helper 17 cells-related molecules to the pathogenesis has gained importance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the changes in Tfh and Th17-related molecules before and after rescue therapy in patients with myasthenic crisis (cMG) and to reveal the molecular differences between stable MG and myasthenic crisis patients...

INTRODUCTION: Mounting evidence indicates distinct memory profiles among the primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants. Neuropsychological tests reveal disproportionate memory impairments in the logopenic variant (lv-PPA) relative to non-fluent (nfv-PPA) and semantic (sv-PPA) variants. The real-world experience of day-to-day memory disturbances in PPA, however, remains poorly understood. METHODS: Everyday expressions of memory in 26 lv-PPA, 24 nfv-PPA, and 40 sv-PPA patients, and 70 healthy controls were examined using the Cambridge Behavioural Inventory-Revised (CBI-R) carer questionnaire...

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INTRODUCTION: Acute stroke rehabilitation is crucial for achieving good functional recovery, even during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to clarify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke rehabilitation and identify which components in the acute stroke rehabilitation provision system were susceptible to the pandemic. METHODS: A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted in all primary stroke centers (PSCs) in Japan between February 7 and April 21, 2022...

INTRODUCTION: There is limited understanding of Body Mass Index (BMI) and serum albumin levels in patients with dementia. This study aims to investigate the association between BMI, serum albumin levels, and dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD). METHODS: A total of 336 patients with dementia (173 with AD, 112 with DLB, 51 with PDD) and 220 healthy controls were recruited...

Introduction Depression has been associated with cognitive performance, but whether socio-demographic and clinical characteristics might influence this association is not well elaborated. This study aimed to further explore this relationship in older adults. Methods This cross-sectional study is based on data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. 1433 individuals with complete information on depressive symptoms and cognitive function variables were included in this study...

INTRODUCTION: Accurately discerning periods of heightened risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) recurrence and managing modifiable risk factors are essential for minimizing overall recurrence risk. This study identified differences in the timing of stroke or TIA recurrence based on risk factors and patient characteristics to develop strategies for reducing recurrence in clinical practice. METHODS: We retrospectively selected patients with ischemic stroke or TIA at the Korea University Ansan Hospital Stroke Center between March 2014 and December 2021 using the prospective institutional database of the Korea University Stroke Registry...

INTRODUCTION: Elevated plasma D-dimer has been observed in acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), while a quantitative evaluation for the association between D-dimer level and prognosis of SAH remains lacking. The aim of the meta-analysis was to investigate the potential predictive role of D-dimer for the short-term functional outcome of patients with SAH. METHODS: Relevant observational studies were retrieved by search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang and CNKI...

INTRODUCTION: This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association of perivascular spaces (PVS) burden with the risks of future stroke events and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane database from inception to 31 December 2023. We included eligible studies that reported adjusted estimated effects for future intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic stroke and mortality with baseline PVS burden in patients with ischemic stroke and TIA...

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy represents a mainstay of management for acute ischemic stroke in the setting of large vessel occlusion. However, there are no clinical practice guidelines defining the role of thrombectomy at the extremes of age. In this scoping review, we aimed to summarize the existing medical and neurosurgical literature pertaining to mechanical thrombectomy in nonagenarians. The PubMed database was queried using the following terms and relevant citations assessed: "thrombectomy nonagenarian," "thrombectomy age 90," "stroke nonagenarian," and "ischemic stroke thrombectomy...

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard of care for patients with large-vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke (AIS). There may be differing recanalization effectiveness based on patients' sex, and understanding such variations can improve patient outcomes by adjusting for differences. We aimed to assess the sex differences in outcome after EVT for patients with AIS. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 250 consecutive AIS patients who underwent EVT from July 2019 to February 2022 across two large comprehensive tertiary care stroke centers in China...

INTRODUCTION: Ocrelizumab is a CD20-targeting monoclonal antibody used for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels are reduced in MS patients under ocrelizumab treatment indicating a preventive action against neuro-axonal degeneration. Our aim, in this preliminary study, was to explore the impact of ocrelizumab treatment on synaptic integrity through assessment of neurogranin levels. METHODS: Thirteen relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients resistant to first-line immunomodulating agents were enrolled and followed up for 24 months under ocrelizumab treatment...

INTRODUCTION: Current guidelines recommend transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for routine screening of cardiac emboli, however the visualisation of the left atrial appendage (LAA) where the thrombi are commonly found is poor. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) would provide better detectability of LAA thrombus, but it is time-consuming and semi-invasive method. Extending non-gated carotid computed tomography angiography (CTA) examination to the LAA could reliably detect thrombi, and could also aid treatment and secondary prevention of stroke...

BACKGROUND: Charles Foix (1882-1927) may be mostly remembered today due to his contributions to vascular neurology and the syndromes that bear his name, such as the Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. However, he also developed a literary career and composed poetry and a vast collection of plays, often dealing with biblical themes or figures from Greek mythology. SUMMARY: His poetry was often inspired by his own experiences during the First World War, in which he was assigned to serve as medical officer in Greece, becoming enamored with his surroundings and the classical lore...

INTRODUCTION: Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and progressive progression, of which the most common type is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lithium, a trace element in the body, has neuroprotective properties. However, whether lithium can treat dementia or AD remains a highly controversial topic. Therefore we conducted a meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Comparison of the effects of lithium on Alzheimer's disease or dementia in terms of use, duration, and dosage, and meta-analysis to test whether lithium therapy is beneficial in ameliorating the onset of dementia or Alzheimer's disease...

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed at testing the longitudinal feasibility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an Italian cohort of non-demented amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. METHODS: N=39 non-demented ALS patients were followed-up at a 5-to-10-month interval (M=6.8; SD=1.4) with the MoCA and the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS). Practice effects, test-retest reliability and predictive validity (against follow-up ECAS scores) were assessed...

INTRODUCTION: Malignant cerebral edema (MCE) is a serious complication and the main cause of poor prognosis in patients with large-hemisphere infarction (LHI). Therefore, the rapid and accurate identification of potential patients with MCE is essential for timely therapy. This study utilized an artificial intelligence-based machine learning approach to establish an interpretable model for predicting MCE in patients with LHI. METHODS: This study included 314 patients with LHI not undergoing recanalization therapy...

INTRODUCTION: Cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery are among the specialties that most commonly require neurology inpatient consultations. We aimed to study the neurology referrals by the cardiovascular-specialized hospital included in our tertiary hospital center. METHODS: Retrospective study of consecutive patients referred for neurology inpatient consultation between 01/01/2020 and 31/12/2022. We analyzed referrals, patients' characteristics, and the approach taken...