2 Minute Medicine ® - Sports Medicine

1. In a cross-sectional study, adolescent survivors of childhood cancers were more sedentary than age-matched controls. 2. Age, gender, BMI, cancer relapse, and central nervous system tumors were all associated with less physical activity and more sedentary time. Evidence rating: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for chronic medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.  Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a variety of long-term health benefits and an improved quality of life in the general population...

1. In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, aerobic exercise training, dynamic resistance training, combined training, high-intensity interval training, and isometric exercise training were all associated with significant reductions in resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. 2. However, isometric wall squatting was the most effective exercise for reducing systolic blood pressure, while running was most effective for lowering diastolic blood pressure. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) It is well known that exercise is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension...

1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the intention-behavior gap in physical activity was 47.6%. 2. Furthermore, a very low proportion of non-intenders engaged in physical activity, indicating that intention is an important first step toward the behavior. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Physical activity has several important health benefits. However, a large percentage of the population worldwide does not meet recommended physical activity guidelines. Promoting physical activity is an essential step in improving these statistics...

1. In this prospective cohort study, those who met aerobic and strength training recommendations had a significantly lower risk of influenza and pneumonia mortality than those who met neither guideline. 2. As for muscle strengthening, compared to those who engaged in <2 episodes per week, those who engaged in 2 episodes of strength training had a lower risk of influenza and pneumonia mortality, while those with ≥7 episodes/week had a higher risk. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The importance of physical activity may extend beyond cardiovascular, neurological, and cancer risk modification...

1. In this systematic review, there was limited data to support the use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) to prevent musculoskeletal conditions and injuries. 2. There was also low-certainty evidence to suggest that CHC use was associated with higher risks of future fracture and total knee arthroplasty. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) It is known that women typically experience more musculoskeletal (MSK) pain and chronic MSK conditions compared to men. Some have postulated that these sex differences may be related to their menstrual status...

1. In this prospective cohort study, it was found that those with the highest levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) had the lowest risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2DM), independent of genetic risk. 2. However, there was an additive interaction between MVPA and genetic risk, suggesting a greater effect of MVPA among those at a higher genetic risk for T2DM. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Physical activity remains a mainstay in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, such recommendations have been founded mainly on self-reported measurements...

1. In this prospective cohort study, higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was associated with a substantially lower risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. 2. However, this protective effect of high CRF was only seen in those with overweight/obesity or a higher body fat percentage. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Several risk factors exist for developing breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) represents a modifiable risk factor that may affect the risk of developing breast cancer...

1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, physical activity improved the reproductive outcomes of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), whether used alone or in combination with other interventions. 2. In addition, physical activity was associated with improvements in psychological factors in women with PCOS. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Issues with fertility are common and distressing for women diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Physical activity is often recommended to PCOS patients to maintain a healthy body weight and improve insulin sensitivity...

1. In this systematic review, physical activity levels were correlated with improvements in mental well-being and various mental health symptoms after traumatic events. 2. Conversely, those who did not engage in physical activity had worsened mental health symptoms and experienced more relational problems following traumatic events. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Recent studies have suggested that physical activity may have a unique role in maintaining both physical and mental health in several mental health disorders...

1. In this cross-sectional study, increased daily sitting time was significantly associated with higher odds of knee pain, but not neck, shoulder, or lower back pain, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 2. However, there was no significant association between sitting time and musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in patients with prediabetes or normal glucose metabolism. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may experience musculoskeletal pain (MSP) as a comorbidity of their illness...

National Trends in Physical Activity Among Adults in South Korea Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2009-2021 : https://read.qxmd.com/read/37273204 1. The number of adults in Korea achieving adequate weekly physical activity decreased significantly during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.  2. This trend was specifically more pronounced in females, older adults, participants living in urban settings, those with higher BMI, and people with a history of depression.  Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Restrictions that existed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, such as the closure of sports facilities and swimming pools, were known to impact the ability of many people to continue with their typical exercise routines...

1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to significant improvements in biochemical and clinical markers of disease, including fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and fat mass. 2. In addition, the effect of high-intensity resistance training was superior to medium-low intensity training for improving several biochemical and clinical markers in patients with T2DM. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) It has been well established that exercise plays an important non-pharmacological role in the treatment regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)...

1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, maximum adherence to the combination of five low-risk lifestyle behaviors (LRLBs) was associated with an 85% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). 2. In addition, when comparing those who had the highest adherence versus those with the lowest adherence to these behaviors, the difference in risk was up to 80%. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Lifestyle modifications with the incorporation of low-risk lifestyle behaviors (LRLBs), including exercising, eating a healthy diet, and reducing substance use, have been a mainstay for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management...

1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a low carbohydrate diet, aerobic training, and resistance training significantly improved multiple markers in metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). 2. Although both aerobic and resistance training were effective interventions in MAFLD, resistance training was more effective in reducing certain metabolic markers. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a form of liver disease that is often treated with lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise...

1. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions following concussion in children, engaging in physical activity had a significant effect on concussion symptom reporting. 2. Engagement in physical activity following concussion did not have any significant effect on reported quality of life. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Concussions are common in children and symptoms following the initial injury are often prolonged compared to those in adults. Although guidelines currently recommend early return to activity following concussion based on several individual studies, meta-analyses of this data are lacking...

1. Intradialytic exercise for a minimum of 60 minutes during thrice weekly dialysis sessions improved survival rates in adult patients who are receiving hemodialysis (HD). Evidence Rating Level :1 (Excellent) Chronic kidney disease is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, leading to an exponential increase in the number of individuals experiencing kidney failure requiring kidney-replacement therapy (KRT), which is primarily achieved through hemodialysis. Patients undergoing HD experience high rates of morbidity, and a mortality rate 10-30 times higher than those with normal kidney function...

1. In this umbrella review, physical activity was effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety, not only in those with mental health disorders and chronic diseases, but also in the general population. 2. In addition, the greatest benefit of physical activity was seen in interventions involving high-intensity physical activity. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Despite the established benefits of physical activity (PA) in improving mental health, its therapeutic value has not yet been widely adopted by practitioners...

1. In this cohort study, physical activity was associated with improved disease-free survival in postoperative stage III colon cancer patients in the first year following surgical resection. 2. Furthermore, there was an overall survival benefit associated with physical activity that persisted in the first three years following surgical resection. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) The literature has demonstrated that there is a benefit of doing physical activity after surgical resection of stage III colon cancer...

1. In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, resistance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and aerobic exercise interventions were superior to controls in reducing arterial stiffness in children and adolescents. 2. However, sensorimotor training did not show a benefit in reducing arterial stiffness compared to controls. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Arterial stiffness (AS) is an important variable as it is an early marker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). In the adult population, exercise has been shown to reduce AS...

1. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, both exercise and caloric restriction were associated with reductions in visceral fat in overweight individuals. The effect of exercise on visceral fat was dose-dependent, while the impact of caloric restriction was not. 2. However, both exercise and caloric restriction showed a dose-dependent effect in reducing waist circumference. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Exercise and caloric restriction are important lifestyle behaviors that aid in weight loss for overweight individuals...