Alberto Diaspro, Maurizio Cavallini, Patrizia Piersini, Giuseppe Sito
BACKGROUND: A perfect smile is dictated by the balance among 3 parameters: the white (teeth), the pink (gum), and the lips: excessive gingival display while smiling has been a cause of esthetic embarrassment for many patients, thus affecting their psychosocial behavior. With respect to different etiologies, treatment of gummy smile must be properly planned: treatment options include facial surgery, oral surgery, or laser. OBJECTIVES: Given the growing demand for less invasive techniques and observed complications secondary to botulinum toxin injection, we present a novel treatment option aimed at correcting gummy smile using hyaluronic acid injection and review the published techniques and the anatomy of the involved facial muscles...
November 12, 2018: Aesthetic Surgery Journal