collection
https://read.qxmd.com/read/21740224/the-evolutionary-origins-of-friendship
#1
REVIEW
Robert M Seyfarth, Dorothy L Cheney
Convergent evidence from many species reveals the evolutionary origins of human friendship. In horses, elephants, hyenas, dolphins, monkeys, and chimpanzees, some individuals form friendships that last for years. Bonds occur among females, among males, or between males and females. Genetic relatedness affects friendships. In species where males disperse, friendships are more likely among females. If females disperse, friendships are more likely among males. Not all friendships, however, depend on kinship; many are formed between unrelated individuals...
2012: Annual Review of Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/21943167/religion-morality-evolution
#2
REVIEW
Paul Bloom
How did religion evolve? What effect does religion have on our moral beliefs and moral actions? These questions are related, as some scholars propose that religion has evolved to enhance altruistic behavior toward members of one's group. I review here data from survey studies (both within and across countries), priming experiments, and correlational studies of the effects of religion on racial prejudice. I conclude that religion has powerfully good moral effects and powerfully bad moral effects, but these are due to aspects of religion that are shared by other human practices...
2012: Annual Review of Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/22804772/origins-of-human-cooperation-and-morality
#3
REVIEW
Michael Tomasello, Amrisha Vaish
From an evolutionary perspective, morality is a form of cooperation. Cooperation requires individuals either to suppress their own self-interest or to equate it with that of others. We review recent research on the origins of human morality, both phylogenetic (research with apes) and ontogenetic (research with children). For both time frames we propose a two-step sequence: first a second-personal morality in which individuals are sympathetic or fair to particular others, and second an agent-neutral morality in which individuals follow and enforce group-wide social norms...
2013: Annual Review of Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/23282055/evolutionary-psychology-new-perspectives-on-cognition-and-motivation
#4
REVIEW
Leda Cosmides, John Tooby
Evolutionary psychology is the second wave of the cognitive revolution. The first wave focused on computational processes that generate knowledge about the world: perception, attention, categorization, reasoning, learning, and memory. The second wave views the brain as composed of evolved computational systems, engineered by natural selection to use information to adaptively regulate physiology and behavior. This shift in focus--from knowledge acquisition to the adaptive regulation of behavior--provides new ways of thinking about every topic in psychology...
2013: Annual Review of Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/23808917/gender-similarities-and-differences
#5
REVIEW
Janet Shibley Hyde
Whether men and women are fundamentally different or similar has been debated for more than a century. This review summarizes major theories designed to explain gender differences: evolutionary theories, cognitive social learning theory, sociocultural theory, and expectancy-value theory. The gender similarities hypothesis raises the possibility of theorizing gender similarities. Statistical methods for the analysis of gender differences and similarities are reviewed, including effect sizes, meta-analysis, taxometric analysis, and equivalence testing...
2014: Annual Review of Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26124540/a-proposed-neurological-interpretation-of-language-evolution
#6
REVIEW
Alfredo Ardila
Since the very beginning of the aphasia history it has been well established that there are two major aphasic syndromes (Wernicke's-type and Broca's-type aphasia); each one of them is related to the disturbance at a specific linguistic level (lexical/semantic and grammatical) and associated with a particular brain damage localization (temporal and frontal-subcortical). It is proposed that three stages in language evolution could be distinguished: (a) primitive communication systems similar to those observed in other animals, including nonhuman primates; (b) initial communication systems using sound combinations (lexicon) but without relationships among the elements (grammar); and (c) advanced communication systems including word-combinations (grammar)...
2015: Behavioural Neurology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26136649/neuron-based-heredity-and-human-evolution
#7
REVIEW
Don M Gash, Andrew S Deane
It is widely recognized that human evolution has been driven by two systems of heredity: one DNA-based and the other based on the transmission of behaviorally acquired information via nervous system functions. The genetic system is ancient, going back to the appearance of life on Earth. It is responsible for the evolutionary processes described by Darwin. By comparison, the nervous system is relatively newly minted and in its highest form, responsible for ideation and mind-to-mind transmission of information...
2015: Frontiers in Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25709565/neural-components-of-altruistic-punishment
#8
REVIEW
Emily Du, Steve W C Chang
Altruistic punishment, which occurs when an individual incurs a cost to punish in response to unfairness or a norm violation, may play a role in perpetuating cooperation. The neural correlates underlying costly punishment have only recently begun to be explored. Here we review the current state of research on the neural basis of altruism from the perspectives of costly punishment, emphasizing the importance of characterizing elementary neural processes underlying a decision to punish. In particular, we emphasize three cognitive processes that contribute to the decision to altruistically punish in most scenarios: inequity aversion, cost-benefit calculation, and social reference frame to distinguish self from others...
2015: Frontiers in Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25774679/is-the-desire-for-status-a-fundamental-human-motive-a-review-of-the-empirical-literature
#9
REVIEW
Cameron Anderson, John Angus D Hildreth, Laura Howland
The current review evaluates the status hypothesis, which states that that the desire for status is a fundamental motive. Status is defined as the respect, admiration, and voluntary deference individuals are afforded by others. It is distinct from related constructs such as power, financial success, and social belongingness. A review of diverse literatures lent support to the status hypothesis: People's subjective well-being, self-esteem, and mental and physical health appear to depend on the level of status they are accorded by others...
May 2015: Psychological Bulletin
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25559115/the-evolutionary-roots-of-human-decision-making
#10
REVIEW
Laurie R Santos, Alexandra G Rosati
Humans exhibit a suite of biases when making economic decisions. We review recent research on the origins of human decision making by examining whether similar choice biases are seen in nonhuman primates, our closest phylogenetic relatives. We propose that comparative studies can provide insight into four major questions about the nature of human choice biases that cannot be addressed by studies of our species alone. First, research with other primates can address the evolution of human choice biases and identify shared versus human-unique tendencies in decision making...
January 3, 2015: Annual Review of Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25120526/selectivity-in-early-prosocial-behavior
#11
REVIEW
Valerie A Kuhlmeier, Kristen A Dunfield, Amy C O'Neill
Prosocial behavior requires expenditure of personal resources for the benefit of others, a fact that creates a "problem" when considering the evolution of prosociality. Models that address this problem have been developed, with emphasis typically placed on reciprocity. One model considers the advantages of being selective in terms of one's allocation of prosocial behavior so as to improve the chance that one will be benefitted in return. In this review paper, we first summarize this "partner choice" model and then focus on prosocial development in the preschool years, where we make the case for selective partner choice in early instances of human prosocial behavior...
2014: Frontiers in Psychology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25117535/the-energy-allocation-function-of-sleep-a-unifying-theory-of-sleep-torpor-and-continuous-wakefulness
#12
REVIEW
Markus H Schmidt
The energy allocation (EA) model defines behavioral strategies that optimize the temporal utilization of energy to maximize reproductive success. This model proposes that all species of the animal kingdom share a universal sleep function that shunts waking energy utilization toward sleep-dependent biological investment. For endotherms, REM sleep evolved to enhance energy appropriation for somatic and CNS-related processes by eliminating thermoregulatory defenses and skeletal muscle tone. Alternating REM with NREM sleep conserves energy by decreasing the need for core body temperature defense...
November 2014: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25061670/the-evolution-of-altruism-in-humans
#13
REVIEW
Robert Kurzban, Maxwell N Burton-Chellew, Stuart A West
Humans are an intensely social species, frequently performing costly behaviors that benefit others. Efforts to solve the evolutionary puzzle of altruism have a lengthy history, and recent years have seen many important advances across a range of disciplines. Here we bring together this interdisciplinary body of research and review the main theories that have been proposed to explain human prosociality, with an emphasis on kinship, reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, punishment, and morality. We highlight recent methodological advances that are stimulating research and point to some areas that either remain controversial or merit more attention...
January 3, 2015: Annual Review of Psychology
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