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REVIEW
Jack Guralnik, William Ershler, Andrew Artz, Alejandro Lazo-Langner, Jeremy Walston, Marco Pahor, Luigi Ferrucci, William J Evans
BACKGROUND: Up to 15% of people aged 60 and over are anemic, and the prevalence of anemia increases with age. In older men and women, anemia is associated with increases in the risk of death and all-cause hospitalization, poor functional capacity, quality of life, and depression. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed the literature describing anemia in aging populations, focusing on the specific diagnostic criteria of anemia and potential causes in older men and women...
March 2022: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michael Heuser, Sylvie D Freeman, Gert J Ossenkoppele, Francesco Buccisano, Christopher S Hourigan, Lok Lam Ngai, Jesse M Tettero, Costa Bachas, Constance Baer, Marie-Christine Béné, Veit Bücklein, Anna Czyz, Barbara Denys, Richard Dillon, Michaela Feuring-Buske, Monica L Guzman, Torsten Haferlach, Lina Han, Julia K Herzig, Jeffrey L Jorgensen, Wolfgang Kern, Marina Y Konopleva, Francis Lacombe, Marta Libura, Agata Majchrzak, Luca Maurillo, Yishai Ofran, Jan Philippe, Adriana Plesa, Claude Preudhomme, Farhad Ravandi, Christophe Roumier, Marion Subklewe, Felicitas Thol, Arjan A van de Loosdrecht, Bert A van der Reijden, Adriano Venditti, Agnieszka Wierzbowska, Peter J M Valk, Brent L Wood, Roland B Walter, Christian Thiede, Konstanze Döhner, Gail J Roboz, Jacqueline Cloos
Measurable residual disease (MRD) is an important biomarker in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is used for prognostic, predictive, monitoring, and efficacy-response assessments. The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) MRD Working Party evaluated standardization and harmonization of MRD in an ongoing manner and has updated the 2018 ELN MRD recommendations based on significant developments in the field. New and revised recommendations were established during in-person and online meetings, and a 2-stage Delphi poll was conducted to optimize consensus...
December 30, 2021: Blood
#3
REVIEW
Jean-François Emile, Fleur Cohen-Aubart, Matthew Collin, Sylvie Fraitag, Ahmed Idbaih, Omar Abdel-Wahab, Barrett J Rollins, Jean Donadieu, Julien Haroche
Histiocytoses constitute a heterogeneous group of rare disorders, characterised by infiltration of almost any organ by myeloid cells with diverse macrophage or dendritic cell phenotypes. Histiocytoses can start at any age. Diagnosis is based on histology in combination with appropriate clinical and radiological findings. The low incidence and broad spectrum of clinical manifestations often leads to diagnostic delay, especially for adults. In most cases, biopsy specimens infiltrated by histiocytes have somatic mutations in genes activating the MAP kinase cell-signalling pathway...
July 10, 2021: Lancet
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Shannon R McCurdy, Selina M Luger
Intensive chemotherapy has been the backbone of the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for decades. However, an increase in novel targeted agents, which has been brought about in part by a deeper understanding of the genetic makeup of AML, has led to remission-inducing regimens that do not require traditional cytotoxic agents. Combinations of a hypomethylating agent (HMA) and venetoclax have doubled the chance of remission for patients considered unfit for induction chemotherapy who would have traditionally been offered singleagent HMA...
October 1, 2021: Haematologica
#5
REVIEW
Kyle Wang, Joel E Tepper
Radiation therapy (RT) is a curative treatment for many malignancies and provides effective palliation in patients with tumor-related symptoms. However, the biophysical effects of RT are not specific to tumor cells and may produce toxicity due to exposure of surrounding organs and tissues. In this article, the authors review the clinical context, pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, and management of RT side effects in each human organ system. Ionizing radiation works by producing DNA damage leading to tumor death, but effects on normal tissue may result in acute and/or late toxicity...
September 2021: CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians
#6
REVIEW
Musa Yilmaz, Hagop Kantarjian, Farhad Ravandi
In 1957, Hillestad et al. defined acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) for the first time in the literature as a distinct type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a "rapid downhill course" characterized with a severe bleeding tendency. APL, accounting for 10-15% of the newly diagnosed AML cases, results from a balanced translocation, t(15;17) (q22;q12-21), which leads to the fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene with the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene. The PML-RARA fusion oncoprotein induces leukemia by blocking normal myeloid differentiation...
June 30, 2021: Blood Cancer Journal
#7
REVIEW
Julia Stomper, John Charles Rotondo, Gabriele Greve, Michael Lübbert
Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in tumor development and progression. DNA hypomethylating agents (HMA) constitute a class of drugs which are able to reverse DNA methylation, thereby triggering the re-programming of tumor cells. The first-generation HMA azacitidine and decitabine have now been in standard clinical use for some time, offering a valuable alternative to previous treatments in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, so far particularly in older, medically non-fit patients...
July 2021: Leukemia
#8
REVIEW
Hua Wang, Bi-Bo Fu, Robert Peter Gale, Yang Liang
Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is a sub-type of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas common in Asia and Latin America but rare elsewhere. Its pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Lymphoma cells are transformed from NK- or T-cells, sometimes both. EBV-infection and subsequent genetic alterations in infected cells are central to NKTL development. Hemophagocytic syndrome is a common complication. Accurate staging is important to predict outcomes but there is controversy which system is best...
September 2021: Leukemia
#9
REVIEW
John L Frater
Neutropenia is a common laboratory finding in adults and children. Its underlying causes are extremely heterogeneous and include benign conditions, autoimmune disorders, infections, and malignancies. The clinical laboratory plays a central role in the diagnosis of these disorders, including data derived from hematology, microbiology, molecular biology/cytogenetics, and clinical chemistry. The purpose of this review is to (a) highlight the clinical, hematologic, and molecular genetic features of the major entities resulting in neutropenia and (b) outline an algorithm-based approach to permit the classification of neutropenias...
June 2020: International Journal of Laboratory Hematology
#10
REVIEW
Morie A Gertz
DISEASE OVERVIEW: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity. DIAGNOSIS: Presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in more than 90% of patients and is found in the majority of IgM MGUS patients...
February 1, 2021: American Journal of Hematology
#11
REVIEW
Ronald S Go, Jeffrey L Winters, Neil E Kay
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an uncommon entity that presents diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic dilemmas despite being a well-recognized entity for over 150 years. This is because of significant differences in the rates of hemolysis and associated diseases and because there is considerable clinical heterogeneity. In addition, there is a lack of clinical trials required to refine and update standardized and evidence-based therapeutic approaches. To aid the clinician in AIHA management, we present four vignettes that represent and highlight distinct clinical presentations with separate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways that we use in our clinical practice setting...
June 1, 2017: Blood
#12
REVIEW
Ulrich Jäger, Wilma Barcellini, Catherine M Broome, Morie A Gertz, Anita Hill, Quentin A Hill, Bernd Jilma, David J Kuter, Marc Michel, Marco Montillo, Alexander Röth, Sacha S Zeerleder, Sigbjørn Berentsen
Autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHAs) are rare and heterogeneous disorders characterized by the destruction of red blood cells through warm or cold antibodies. There is currently no licensed treatment for AIHA. Due to the paucity of clinical trials, recommendations on diagnosis and therapy have often been based on expert opinions and some national guidelines. Here we report the recommendations of the First International Consensus Group, who met with the aim to review currently available data and to provide standardized diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches as well as an overview of novel therapies...
May 2020: Blood Reviews
#13
REVIEW
Alberto Zanella, Wilma Barcellini
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a relatively uncommon disorder caused by autoantibodies directed against self red blood cells. It can be idiopathic or secondary, and classified as warm, cold (cold hemagglutinin disease (CAD) and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria) or mixed, according to the thermal range of the autoantibody. AIHA may develop gradually, or have a fulminant onset with life-threatening anemia. The treatment of AIHA is still not evidence-based. The first-line therapy for warm AIHA are corticosteroids, which are effective in 70-85% of patients and should be slowly tapered over a time period of 6-12 months...
October 2014: Haematologica
#14
REVIEW
Daan Dierickx, Alain Kentos, André Delannoy
Warm antibody hemolytic anemia is the most common form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. When therapy is needed, corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of initial treatment but are able to cure only a minority of patients (<20%). Splenectomy is usually proposed when a second-line therapy is needed. This classical approach is now challenged by the use of rituximab both as second-line and as first-line therapy. Second-line treatment with rituximab leads to response rates similar to splenectomy (∼70%), but rituximab-induced responses seem less sustained...
May 21, 2015: Blood
#15
REVIEW
Richard Dillon, Nicola Potter, Sylvie Freeman, Nigel Russell
In recent years there have been major advances in the use of molecular diagnostic and monitoring techniques for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Coupled with the simultaneous explosion of new therapeutic agents, this has sown the seeds for significant improvements to treatment algorithms. Here we show, using a selection of real-life examples, how molecular monitoring can be used to refine clinical decision-making and to personalise treatment in patients with AML with nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations, core binding factor translocations and other fusion genes...
April 2021: British Journal of Haematology
#16
REVIEW
Shigeru Chiba, Mamiko Sakata-Yanagimoto
It has been nearly half a century since angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) was characterized in the early 1970's. Our understanding of the disease has dramatically changed due to multiple discoveries and insights. One of the key features of AITL is aberrant immune activity. Although AITL is now understood to be a neoplastic disease, pathologists appreciated that it was an inflammatory condition. The more we understand AITL at cellular and genetic levels, the more we view it as both a neoplastic and an inflammatory disease...
October 2020: Leukemia
#17
REVIEW
Nurgül Özgür Yurttaş, Ahmet Emre Eşkazan
The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and BCR-ABL1 inhibitors form the mainstay of CML treatment. Although patients with CML generally do well under TKI therapy, there is a subgroup of patients who are resistant and/or intolerant to TKIs. In these group of patients, there is the need of additional treatment strategies. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge of these novel treatment approaches that can be used alone and/or in combination with TKIs...
April 2020: Leukemia Research
#18
REVIEW
Leonard Naymagon, John Mascarenhas
Hemorrhagic death is the leading cause of treatment failure in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Our ability to identify patients at greatest risk of hemorrhage, and to actively prevent hemorrhage, remains limited. Nevertheless, some data is available to guide contemporary clinical practice and future investigation. Circulating disease burden, best represented by the peripheral WBC / blast count, is the most consistent predictor of major and fatal bleeding risk. In contrast, laboratory markers of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) appear to be poor predictors...
July 2020: Leukemia Research
#19
REVIEW
Deepa Rj Arachchillage, Mike Laffan
Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are characterized by clonal expansion of an abnormal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell and include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Venous thrombosis, often at unusual sites, including splanchnic vein thrombosis and arterial thrombosis, as well as a hemorrhagic tendency and a propensity to transform into myelofibrosis or acute leukemia are common complications in patients with MPNs. The pathogenesis of thrombosis in MPN patients is complex and multifactorial...
September 2019: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
#20
REVIEW
Eva Hellström-Lindberg, Magnus Tobiasson, Peter Greenberg
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) share their origin in the hematopoietic stem cell but have otherwise very heterogeneous biological and genetic characteristics. Clinical features are dominated by cytopenia and a substantial risk for progression to acute myeloid leukemia. According to the World Health Organization, MDS is defined by cytopenia, bone marrow dysplasia and certain karyotypic abnormalities. The understanding of disease pathogenesis has undergone major development with the implementation of next-generation sequencing and a closer integration of morphology, cytogenetics and molecular genetics is currently paving the way for improved classification and prognostication...
July 2020: Haematologica
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