collection
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26901864/osmoregulation-during-long-term-fasting-in-lungfish-and-elephant-seal-old-and-new-lessons-for-the-nephrologist
#1
REVIEW
Bernard C Rossier
Vertebrates control the osmolality of their extra- and intra-cellular compartments despite large variations in salt and water intake. Aldosterone-dependent sodium reabsorption and vasopressin-dependent water transport in the distal nephron and collecting duct play a critical role in the final control of sodium and water balance. Long-term fasting (no eating, no drinking) represents an osmotic challenge for survival. Evolution has found very different solutions to meet this challenge. To illustrate this point, I will discuss osmoregulation of a mammal (elephant seal pup) and of a fish (lungfish) that are able to survive long-term fasting for months or even years...
2016: Nephron
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26687922/evaluation-of-polyuria-the-roles-of-solute-loading-and-water-diuresis
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bhavna Bhasin, Juan Carlos Q Velez
Polyuria, defined as daily urine output in excess of 3.0 to 3.5L/d, can occur due to solute or water diuresis. Solute-induced polyuria can be seen in hospitalized patients after a high solute load from exogenous protein administration or following relief of urinary obstruction. Similar clinical scenarios are rarely encountered in the outpatient setting. We describe a case of polyuria due to high solute ingestion and excessive water intake leading to a mixed picture of solute and water diuresis. Restriction of the daily solute load and water intake resulted in complete resolution of polyuria...
March 2016: American Journal of Kidney Diseases
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26398093/an-integrated-view-of-potassium-homeostasis
#3
(no author information available yet)
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
September 24, 2015: New England Journal of Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25830425/molecular-physiology-of-water-balance
#4
REVIEW
Mark A Knepper, Tae-Hwan Kwon, Soren Nielsen
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 372, Issue 14, Page 1349-1358, April 2015.
April 2, 2015: New England Journal of Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25494270/lactic-acidosis
#5
REVIEW
Jeffrey A Kraut, Nicolaos E Madias
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 371, Issue 24, Page 2309-2319, December 2014.
December 11, 2014: New England Journal of Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25315724/-serum-and-urine-osmolality-clinical-and-laboratory-features
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Francesco Trepiccione, Giovambattista Capasso, Giuseppe Lippi
Clinical practice is frequently challenged by limited funding and resources, which finally limit both clinical effectiveness and safety of some therapies. Electrolyte disorders represent serious problems in the clinical management. Nonetheless the osmometer, that is the reference instrument for routine assessment of osmolality, it is only available in a limited number of healthcare facilities. The diagnosis of the leading electrolyte disorders relies therefore on indirect criteria, frequently inaccurate, especially when inappropriately used...
September 2014: Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia: Organo Ufficiale Della Società Italiana di Nefrologia
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25280495/chemical-and-physical-sensors-in-the-regulation-of-renal-function
#7
REVIEW
Jennifer L Pluznick, Michael J Caplan
In order to assess the status of the volume and composition of the body fluid compartment, the kidney monitors a wide variety of chemical and physical parameters. It has recently become clear that the kidney's sensory capacity extends well beyond its ability to sense ion concentrations in the forming urine. The kidney also keeps track of organic metabolites derived from a surprising variety of sources and uses a complex interplay of physical and chemical sensing mechanisms to measure the rate of fluid flow in the nephron...
September 4, 2015: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25132207/use-of-anion-gap-in-the-evaluation-of-a-patient-with-metabolic-acidosis
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Alfred A Vichot, Asghar Rastegar
High anion gap (AG) metabolic acidosis, a common laboratory abnormality encountered in clinical practice, frequently is due to accumulation of organic acids such as lactic acid, keto acids, alcohol metabolites, and reduced kidney function. The cause of high AG metabolic acidosis often is established easily using historical and simple laboratory data. Despite this, several challenges in the diagnosis and management of high AG metabolic acidosis remain, including quantifying the increase in AG, understanding the relationship between changes in AG and serum bicarbonate level, and identifying the cause of high AG metabolic acidosis when common causes are ruled out...
October 2014: American Journal of Kidney Diseases
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25078422/urea-and-ammonia-metabolism-and-the-control-of-renal-nitrogen-excretion
#9
REVIEW
I David Weiner, William E Mitch, Jeff M Sands
Renal nitrogen metabolism primarily involves urea and ammonia metabolism, and is essential to normal health. Urea is the largest circulating pool of nitrogen, excluding nitrogen in circulating proteins, and its production changes in parallel to the degradation of dietary and endogenous proteins. In addition to serving as a way to excrete nitrogen, urea transport, mediated through specific urea transport proteins, mediates a central role in the urine concentrating mechanism. Renal ammonia excretion, although often considered only in the context of acid-base homeostasis, accounts for approximately 10% of total renal nitrogen excretion under basal conditions, but can increase substantially in a variety of clinical conditions...
August 7, 2015: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25078421/osmotic-homeostasis
#10
REVIEW
John Danziger, Mark L Zeidel
Alterations in water homeostasis can disturb cell size and function. Although most cells can internally regulate cell volume in response to osmolar stress, neurons are particularly at risk given a combination of complex cell function and space restriction within the calvarium. Thus, regulating water balance is fundamental to survival. Through specialized neuronal "osmoreceptors" that sense changes in plasma osmolality, vasopressin release and thirst are titrated in order to achieve water balance. Fine-tuning of water absorption occurs along the collecting duct, and depends on unique structural modifications of renal tubular epithelium that confer a wide range of water permeability...
May 7, 2015: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN
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