Nephropathy treatment

BACKGROUND: Despite the beneficial effects of type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) inhibitors on glucose levels, its effects on diabetic nephropathy remain unclear. METHOD: This study examined the long-term renoprotective effects of DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin in db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes. Results were compared with the known beneficial effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade by enalapril. Ten-week-old male diabetic db/db mice were treated for 3 months with either vehicle (n = 10), 3 mg linagliptin/kg per day (n = 8), or 20 mg enalapril/kg per day (n = 10)...

BACKGROUND: Diet can markedly affect acid-base status and it significantly influences chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression. The relationship of dietary acid load (DAL) and CKD has not been assessed on a population level. We examined the association of estimated net acid excretion (NAE(es)) with CKD; and socio-demographic and clinical correlates of NAE(es). METHODS: Among 12,293 U.S. adult participants aged >20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004, we assessed dietary acid by estimating NAE(es) from nutrient intake and body surface area; kidney damage by albuminuria; and kidney dysfunction by eGFR < 60 ml/min/1...

BACKGROUND: Statins have been demonstrated to prevent the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Nevertheless, clinical research has indicated conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the protective effects of statins on CIN and the requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients undergoing coronary angiography/percutaneous interventions. METHODS: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials...

AIM: To study the effect of lycopene on ameliorating renal function of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were divided into four groups: normal untreated (NC-U), normal treatment (NC-L), diabetes untreated (DM-U) and diabetes treatment (DM-L). DM was prepared by a single injection of STZ (70 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5). DM-U and NC-U rats received control diet; DM-L and NC-L rats received lycopene. After treated with lycopene for 8 weeks, blood was obtained for analyzing plasma lipid profiles, glucose and renal function...

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of T1D (type one diabetes mellitus). Persistent hyperglycemia and subsequent hypomagnesemia is believed to develop kidney damage by activation of oxidative stress. We conducted this study to investigate the renoprotective effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on renal histopathology and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. METHODS: The study included 70 male rats. The animals were divided into seven groups: control (CRL), control receiving MgSO4 (CRL + Mg1 & CRL + Mg8), diabetic (DM1 & DM8) and diabetic receiving MgSO4 (DM + Mg1 & DM + Mg8)...

Non-enzymatic protein glycation and resultant accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN). It is considered that antiglycating agents offer protection against AGE mediated pathologies including DN. Earlier we characterized procyanidin-B2 (PCB2) as the active component from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) that inhibits AGE formation in vitro. In this study, we have investigated the potential of PCB2-enriched fraction of cinnamon to prevent in vivo accumulation of AGE and to ameliorate renal changes in diabetic rats...

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Complement activation is common in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and associated with disease severity. Our recent genome-wide association study of IgAN identified susceptibility loci on 1q32 containing the complement regulatory protein-encoding genes CFH and CFHR1-5, with rs6677604 in CFH as the top single-nucleotide polymorphism and CFHR3-1 deletion (CFHR3-1∆) as the top signal for copy number variation. In this study, to explore the clinical effects of variation in CFH, CFHR3, and CFHR1 on IgAN susceptibility and progression, we enrolled two populations...

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Recent clinical studies established that >70% of patients with idiopathic (also called primary) MN (IMN) possess circulating autoantibodies targeting the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor-1 (PLA2R) on the surface of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes). In situ, these autoantibodies trigger the formation of immune complexes, which are hypothesized to cause enhanced glomerular permeability to plasma proteins. Indeed, the level of autoantibody in circulation correlates with the severity of proteinuria in patients...

The implications of lipid lowering drugs in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy have been considered. At the same time, the clinical efficacy of lipid lowering drugs has resulted in improvement in the cardiovascular functions of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with or without diabetes, but no remarkable improvement has been observed in the kidney outcome. Earlier lipid mediators have been shown to cause accumulative effects in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we attempt to analyze the involvement of lipid mediators in DN...

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), and its prevalence in the elderly may be increasing. It is largely unknown whether AIN in the elderly is similar to that in younger adults; therefore, we investigated the causes and characteristics of AIN in 45 elderly patients (65 years and older) and in 88 younger adults (18-64 years old). Compared with younger patients, the elderly had significantly more drug-induced AIN (87 vs. 64%), proton pump inhibitor-induced AIN (18 vs...

Crystalline nephropathy refers to renal parenchymal deposition of crystals leading to kidney damage. The most common forms of crystalline nephropathy encountered in renal pathology are nephrocalcinosis and oxalate nephropathy. Less frequent types include urate nephropathy, cystinosis, dihydroxyadeninuria, and drug-induced crystalline nephropathy (e.g., caused by indinavir or triamterene). Monoclonal proteins can also deposit in the kidney as crystals and cause tissue damage. This occurs in conditions such as light chain proximal tubulopathy, crystal-storing histiocytosis, and crystalglobulinemia...

IMPORTANCE: The effect of strict blood pressure control on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes associated with a treated systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 120 mm Hg vs those associated with the currently recommended SBP of less than 140 mm Hg in a national CKD database of US veterans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Historical cohort study using a nationwide cohort of US veterans with prevalent CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1...

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) is essential for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of children with unknown kidney disease. In this study, the safety and efficacy of PRB is investigated, and also the common etiologies of childhood kidney disease, based on histological findings. In addition, we explored the role of PRBs in the diagnosis of children who presented with persistent asymptomatic hematuria. METHODS: By chart review, from July 2005 to July 2009, a total of 99 PRBs were performed on 91 children (43 girls and 48 boys; mean age, 10...

PURPOSE: The role of tonsillectomy in the treatment of IgA nephropathy in Caucasian patients is controversial. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 264 patients with biopsy-proven primary IgA nephropathy to examine the association between tonsillectomy and long-term renal survival, defined as the incidence of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) of ≤30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) or end-stage renal disease (the composite of initiation of dialysis treatment or renal transplantation)...

Hyperglycemia results in increased oxygen consumption and decreased oxygen tension in the kidney. We tested the hypothesis that activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) protects against diabetes-induced alterations in oxygen metabolism and kidney function. Experimental groups consisted of control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with or without chronic cobalt chloride to activate HIFs. We elucidated the involvement of oxidative stress by studying the effects of acute administration of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol...

Membranous nephropathy (MN) may be a primary disease or secondary to autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, infection (for example, with hepatitis B or C virus), cancer or drugs. In primary MN, crescents are rarely observed. Therefore, the presence of crescents suggests another underlying disease, for example lupus nephritis, anti-glomerular basement membrane disease or anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis (ANCA-GN). The coexistence of primary MN and ANCA-GN is rare...

The association of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and glomerulonephritis is well known. However, the relationship between immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and occult HCV, characterized by the presence of HCV-RNA in liver or in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the absence of serological markers, is unknown. We tested this in 113 anti-HCV-negative patients; 87 with immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and 26 controls with hereditary glomerular nephropathies. All patients were serum HCV-RNA negative by conventional real-time PCR...

BACKGROUND: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. Hot pepper is the most favorite vegetable for Chinese in Hunan and Sichuan provinces. It can be assumed that capsaicin, the active ingredient of hot pepper, is a possible risk factor in diet in the pathogenesis of IgAN. METHODS: 22 subjects, including 11 IgAN patients and 11 non-IgAN patients were enrolled in this study. Tonsillar mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured for 3days with or without capsaicin...

Obstructive nephropathy is an aggressive form of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and interstitial fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of EMT and fibrosis are complex and not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the contribution of Akt2 to experimental renal EMT and fibrosis using the well-established model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). We found that Akt2 and phosphor (p)-Akt protein levels were increased in the obstructed kidneys...