Synthesis of Second-Generation Analogs of Temporin-SHa Peptide Having Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial and Anticancer Effects.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising class of therapeutic alternatives with broad-spectrum activity against resistant pathogens. Small AMPs like temporin-SHa ( 1 ) and its first-generation analog [G10a]-SHa ( 2 ) possess notable efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In an effort to further improve this antimicrobial activity, second-generation analogs of 1 were synthesised by replacing the natural glycine residue at position-10 of the parent molecule with atypical amino acids, such as D-Phenylalanine, D-Tyrosine and (2-Naphthyl)-D-alanine, to study the effect of hydrophobicity on antimicrobial efficacy. The resultant analogs ( 3 - 6 ) emerged as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Notably, the [G10K]-SHa analog ( 4 ), having a lysine substitution, demonstrated a 4-fold increase in activity against Gram-negative ( Enterobacter cloacae DSM 30054) and Gram-positive ( Enterococcus faecalis DSM 2570) bacteria relative to the parent peptide ( 1 ). Among all analogs, [G10f]-SHa peptide ( 3 ), featuring a D-Phe substitution, showed the most potent anticancer activity against lung cancer (A549), skin cancer (MNT-1), prostate cancer (PC-3), pancreatic cancer (MiaPaCa-2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, achieving an IC50 value in the range of 3.6-6.8 µM; however, it was also found to be cytotoxic against normal cell lines as compared to [G10K]-SHa ( 4 ). Peptide 4 also possessed good anticancer activity but was found to be less cytotoxic against normal cell lines as compared to 1 and 3 . These findings underscore the potential of second-generation temporin-SHa analogs, especially analog 4, as promising leads to develop new broad-spectrum antibacterial and anticancer agents.