Brain dopamine responses to ultra-processed milkshakes are highly variable and not significantly related to adiposity in humans.

Ultra-processed foods high in fat and sugar may be addictive, in part, due to their purported ability to induce an exaggerated postingestive brain dopamine response akin to drugs of abuse. Using standard [ 11 C]raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) displacement methods used to measure brain dopamine responses to addictive drugs, we measured postingestive striatal dopamine responses to an ultra-processed milkshake high in fat and sugar in 50 young, healthy adults over a wide body mass index range (BMI 20-45 kg/m 2 ). Surprisingly, milkshake consumption did not result in significant postingestive dopamine response in the striatum ( p =0.62) nor any striatal subregion (p>0.33) and the highly variable interindividual responses were not significantly related to adiposity (BMI: r =0.076, p =0.51; %body fat: r =0.16, p =0.28). Thus, postingestive striatal dopamine responses to an ultra-processed milkshake were likely substantially smaller than many addictive drugs and below the limits of detection using standard PET methods. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03648892.