Self-regulation training generalizability using the regulation of craving task. An fMRI study.

Individual differences in reward salience may relate to the difficulty in regulating the effects of multiple substances (e.g., nicotine and food). Increased brain activation in reward and self-regulation (SR) regions has been evidenced while adults view appetitive cues (e.g., food pictures) to test substance use disorder treatment response. Enhancing SR with behavioral interventions may increase brain activation in SR regions and reduce responses in reward regions. Our primary analysis demonstrated increased brain activation in SR regions to smoking cues among individuals who practiced SR by delaying their first cigarette of the day for 2 weeks. However, little is known about the generalizability of SR between appetitive cues. This secondary analysis explored the influence of adherence to a SR behavioral intervention by examining the impact of practicing smoking SR on brain activation to food cues among adults who smoke. Participants ( N  = 65) were randomly assigned to practice SR by delaying their first daily cigarette or smoking as usual for 2-weeks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while people were told to think of "negative" or "positive" associations with the cue. The results indicated that practicing smoking SR was linked with increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) when viewing food cues. There was no correlation between delaying smoking adherence and brain activation in the dlPFC. Exploratory analyses suggested higher dlPFC activation when people thought about "positive" associations with the food cues instead of "negative" ones. We concluded that practicing smoking SR is related to increased brain activation to food cues, suggesting potential generalizability of SR practice from smoking cues to food cues.