Improvement of mucosal immunity by a live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 nasal vaccine.

The effectiveness of early COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the severity of the disease has led to a focus on developing next-generation vaccines that can prevent infection and transmission of the virus. One promising approach involves the induction of mucosal immunity through nasal administration and a variety of mucosal vaccine candidates using different platforms are currently in development. Live-attenuated viruses, less pathogenic versions of SARS-CoV-2, have promising features as a mucosal vaccine platform and have the potential to induce hybrid immunity in individuals who have already received mRNA vaccines. This review discusses the potential benefits and considerations for the use of live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccines and highlights the authors' work in developing such a vaccine platform.