Chronic Kidney Disease and Obesity.

There is a pandemic of obesity worldwide and in Europe up to 30% of the adult population is already obese. Obesity is strongly related to the risk of CKD, progression of CKD, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), also after adjustment for age, sex, race, smoking status, comorbidities, and laboratory tests. In the general population, obesity increases the risk of death. In nondialysis-dependent CKD patients, the association between body mass index and weight with mortality is controversial. In ESRD patients, obesity is paradoxically associated with better survival. There are only a few studies investigating changes in weight in these patients and in most weight loss was associated with higher mortality. However, it is not clear if weight change was intentional or unintentional and this is an important limitation of these studies. Management of obesity includes life-style interventions, bariatric surgery, and pharmacotherapy. In the last 2 years, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist were shown to be effective in managing weight loss in non-CKD patients, but we are awaiting results of more definitive studies in CKD patients.