Development and psychometric evaluation of the Man-Made Disaster-Related Distress Scale (MMDS).

Man-made disasters (MMD2 ) are a widespread cause for psychological burden, both in directly and indirectly affected regions, as currently highlighted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Yet, measurement instruments that assess psychological distress associated with MMD are lacking. The study aimed to develop and validate such an instrument in an indirectly affected region. The resulting "man-made disaster-related distress scale" (MMDS) was tested within a German-speaking sample (N = 327). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a two-factorial structure ("Psychological distress" and "Change of existing belief systems") of the MMDS. The confirmatory model had an acceptable to good fit with CFI/TLI higher than 0.90. Internal consistency of the MMDS and its subscales was high with α and ω higher than 0.80. Correlational analyses suggested convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Measurement invariance was confirmed for gender and age with a change in CFI smaller than 0.01 but was rejected for educational level. The MMDS resulted in a 14-item assessment instrument based on a 7-point Likert-scale with good psychometric properties. Its administration is readily and economical, yielding the option to be used as a standardized measurement tool.