Hyponatremia and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the relationship between hyponatremia and worse outcomes in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases were used to search for relevant articles. The target population was patients on maintenance hemodialysis (those undergoing hemodialysis for ≥60 days). The defined outcomes were death, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and falls. Meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model of pairwise comparisons of normonatremia and hyponatremia defined for each study, 1-mmol/L increment of sodium analysis, and dose-response analysis using the sodium concentration defined for each study. This study was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018087667).

RESULTS: Thirteen articles were included. The pairwise analysis revealed that the hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.61). The analysis of 1-mmol/L increment of sodium included six studies with a hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.97) for each 1-mmol/L increase in the serum sodium concentration. In the dose-response analysis, assuming a linear relationship, a sodium increment of 1 mmol/L revealed a hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.96-0.98). Other outcomes could not be integrated.

CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia is associated with all-cause mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Healthcare providers should pay special attention to even the slightest indication of hyponatremia.