Non-coding RNA and arrhythmias: expression, function, and molecular mechanism.

Arrhythmias are a class of cardiac dysfunction characterized by heart rate disturbances and heart rhythm abnormalities, which are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Due to the limited understanding of pathological mechanism, current antiarrhythmic drugs and invasive therapies on arrhythmias lack sufficient efficacy and are always accompanied by potential adverse effects. Non-coding RNAs (including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and other small non-coding RNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases including arrhythmias, which opens a new prospect for exploring the mechanism of arrhythmias and developing new therapeutic targets. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to provide an overview of the expression of ncRNAs in various arrhythmias, their roles in the arrhythmia's development and pathophysiology, and the potential mechanism of ncRNAs in arrhythmias. As atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and current studies mainly focus on it, this review primarily discussed about AF. It was expected that this review may provide a basis for a better understanding of the mechanistic role of ncRNAs in arrhythmias and facilitate the development of mechanic-based therapeutic targets.