Anesthetic Considerations in Dogs and Cats with Diabetes Mellitus.

Understanding the effects of diabetes and hyperglycemia on hydration, acid-base status, and immune function is paramount to safely anesthetizing diabetic cats and dogs. Preoperative stabilization of glucose concentrations, hydration, and electrolyte imbalances is key to minimizing morbidity and mortality. Blood glucose monitoring perioperatively will help guide insulin and dextrose administration. Specific anesthetic considerations, and peri-anesthetic management of animals with diabetes mellitus, including anesthetic drugs and recommended insulin protocols are discussed.