New role of gramicidin A in RIG-I-like receptors-mediated IFN signaling.

The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense exogenous molecular patterns most commonly derived from invading pathogens, to active the interferon (IFN) signaling. In the cytoplasm, the viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are sensed by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), depending on the length and chemical properties. Through the binding and oligomerizing onto the RNAs, they form filament to initiate the signaling cascade. Regulation of these receptors' activities are essential for manipulating the strength of IFN signaling. Here, through the virtual screening of chemical reagents using the published MDA5-dsRNA complex structure (PDB: 4GL2), we identified an antibiotic, gramicidin A as a stimulator that enhanced MDA5-mediated IFN signaling. Cytotoxic assay and IFN signaling assay suggested that disruption of lipid membrane which is a well-defined mechanism of gramicidin A to perform its action, was dispensable in this process. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation assay showed that the gramicidin A treatment enhanced MDA5 oligomerization status in the presence of dsRNA. Our work implicated a new role of gramicidin A in innate immunity and presented a new tool to manipulate MDA5 activity.