Advances and Clinical Trials Update in the Treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are high grade glioma (HGG) that occur primarily in children, and represent a leading cause of death in pediatric patients with brain tumors with a median overall survival of only 8-11 months. While these lesions were previously thought to behave similarly to adult HGG, emerging data have demonstrated that DIPG are a biologically distinct entity from adult HGG frequently driven by mutations in the histone genes H3.3 and H3.1 not found in adult glioma. While biopsy of DIPG was historically felt to confer unacceptable risk of morbidity and mortality, multiple studies have demonstrated that stereotactic biopsy of DIPG is safe, allowing not only for improved understanding of DIPG but also forming the basis for protocols for personalized medicine in DIPG. However, current options for personalized medicine in DIPG are limited by the lack of efficacious targeted therapies for the mutations commonly found in DIPG. Multiple treatment modalities including targeted therapies, immunotherapy, convection enhanced delivery (CED), and focused ultrasound, are in various stages of investigation.