SHORT Syndrome: an Update on Pathogenesis and Clinical Spectrum.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes the unique pathogenesis of SHORT syndrome, a rare genetic form of insulin resistance syndrome, and recent advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms. SHORT syndrome results from dysfunction of PI3K, but the mechanisms behind the clinical manifestations are not entirely understood. Elucidating these mechanisms may contribute to the understanding of the roles of insulin signaling and PI3K signaling in humans. There are paucity of data on treatment and outcomes.

RECENT FINDINGS: The clinical spectrum of the disorder appears wider than previously understood, and overlaps with other clinical syndromes. PI3K malfunction is associated with insulin resistance, decreased lipogenesis, increased energy expenditure, and possible IGF1 resistance. SHORT syndrome may be underdiagnosed, and should be considered in individuals with growth failure, craniofacial dysmorphism, and lipodystrophy. Much is still unknown about the optimal management and long-term outcomes.