The prospect of targeting T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 in renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy.

Despite the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), it remains one of the most deadly urological cancers. At the present, using immune checkpoint inhibition and their combination with anti-angiogenic therapy is the standard of care in patients with advanced RCC. Unfortunately, a considerable part of tumor-bearing hosts does not benefit from this type of treatment. However, our knowledge about the detailed role of mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) in the RCC cells is little and further studies are required in this field but its significant expression in the RCC microenvironment makes this receptor as a promising target for designing new monoclonal antibodies alone or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors for RCC immunotherapy.