4-Dimensional Flow by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Informs Surgical Planning in Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return.

Four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance enhances the visualization of blood flow in a 3-dimensional volume throughout the cardiac cycle, thus dramatically improving visualization of pulmonary venous anatomy by cardiac magnetic resonance. We demonstrate the impact of 4-dimensional flow on diagnosis and surgical planning for partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. ( Level of Difficulty: Beginner. ).