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Melancholia Scytharum : the early modern psychiatry of transgender identification.

History of Psychiatry 2021 September
Herodotus's enigmatic Scythian theleia nousos/morbus femininus and its Hippocratic interpretation interested many early modern authors. Its seeming dimension of transgender identification invited various medico-psychological and psychiatric reflections, culminating in nosologist de Sauvages' tentative 1731 term, melancholia Scytharum . This article identifies pertinent discussions and what turn out to have been entangled, tentative psychologizations in late-seventeenth through mid-nineteenth-century mental medicine: of 'effeminacy of manners' ( mollities animi such as observed in London's Beaux and mollies) and male homosexuality ( amour antiphysique/grec ); of the mental masculinity of some women ( viragines , Amazones ); of ubiquitous attributions of impotence to sorcery ( anaphrodisia magica ); and lastly, of transfeminine persons encountered throughout the New World and increasingly beyond.

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