Machine learning for automated abdominal aortic calcification scoring of DXA vertebral fracture assessment images: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) identified on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) lateral spine images is predictive of cardiovascular outcomes, but is time-consuming to perform manually. Whether this procedure can be automated using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a class of machine learning algorithms used for image processing, has not been widely investigated.

METHODS: Using the Province of Manitoba Bone Density Program DXA database, we selected a random sample of 1100 VFA images from individuals qualifying for VFA as part of their osteoporosis assessment. For each scan, AAC was manually scored using the 24-point semi-quantitative scale and categorized as low (score < 2), moderate (score 2 to <6), or high (score ≥ 6). An ensemble consisting of two CNNs was developed, by training and evaluating separately on single-energy and dual-energy images. AAC prediction was performed using the mean AAC score of the two models.

RESULTS: Mean (SD) age of the cohort was 75.5 (6.7) years, 95.5% were female. Training (N = 770, 70%), validation (N = 110, 10%) and test sets (N = 220, 20%) were well-balanced with respect to baseline characteristics and AAC scores. For the test set, the Pearson correlation between the CNN-predicted and human-labelled scores was 0.93 with intraclass correlation coefficient for absolute agreement 0.91 (95% CI 0.89-0.93). Kappa for AAC category agreement (prevalence- and bias-adjusted, ordinal scale) was 0.71 (95% CI 0.65-0.78). There was complete separation of the low and high categories, without any low AAC score scans predicted to be high and vice versa.

CONCLUSIONS: CNNs are capable of detecting AAC in VFA images, with high correlation between the human and predicted scores. These preliminary results suggest CNNs are a promising method for automatically detecting and quantifying AAC.