Comparison of Cubist models for soil organic carbon prediction via portable XRF measured data.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) tends to form complexes with most metallic ions within the soil system. Relatively few studies compare SOC predictions via portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) measured data coupled with the Cubist algorithm. The current study applied three different Cubist models to estimate SOC while using several pXRF measured data. Soil samples (n = 158) were collected from the Litavka floodplain area during two separate sampling campaigns in 2018. Thirteen pXRF data or predictors (K, Ca, Rb, Mn, Fe, As, Ba, Th, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zr, and Zn) were selected to develop the proposed models. Validation and comparison of the models applied the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2 ). The results revealed that Cubist 1, utilizing all the predictors yielded the best model outcome (MAE = 0.51%, RMSE = 0.68%, R2  = 0.78) followed by Cubist 2, using predictors with relatively high importance (VarImp. predictors) (MAE = 0.64%, RMSE = 0.82%, R2  = 0.68), and lastly Cubist 3 with predictors showing a significantly positive correlation (MAE = 0.69%, RMSE = 0.90%, R2  = 0.62). The Cubist 1 model was considered more promising for explaining the complex relationships between SOC and the pXRF data used. Moreover, for the estimation of SOC in temperate floodplain soils all the Cubist models gave an acceptable model. However, future research should focus on using other auxiliary data [e.g., soil properties, data from other sensors (e.g., FieldSpec)] as well as extend the study area to cover more soil types hence improve model robustness as well as parsimoniousness.