Physiological responses of gopher tortoises ( Gopherus polyphemus ) to trapping.

With a growing number of species of conservation concern, understanding the physiological effects of routine sampling of vertebrate species remains a priority to maintain the welfare status of wildlife and ensure such activities are not counter to conservation goals. The gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) is a species of conservation concern throughout its range and is among the most frequently trapped turtles globally (for both research and conservation activities). Several studies have found equivocal results on the effects of trapping and handling on the glucocorticoid stress response. In this study, we tested how multiple physiological biomarkers (i.e. plasma lactate, corticosterone (cort), heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (HLR) and bactericidal ability (BA)) respond to four different combinations of trapping conditions in comparison to baseline reference sampling. We found that trapping and handling of gopher tortoises yielded a rapid rise in plasma lactate concentration followed by elevations of cort and stress-associated immune changes. In visibly distressed animals that were in traps for fewer than 2 hours, lactate, cort, HLR and BA were all elevated, and generally more so than animals that remained calm in traps for a similar amount of time. Animals that had been trapped and then held for a 3-hour restraint showed similar degrees of physiological alteration as those that showed outward signs of distress. This study demonstrates that trapping may yield physiological disturbances in gopher tortoises, although the intensity of this response is highly variable between individuals and the duration of such alterations remains unknown. This research emphasizes the need for continued work to refine trapping and handling processes in an effort to minimize impacts on individuals and populations.