6-Gingerol attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury via anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress by modulating the PPARγ/NF-κBsignalling pathway in rats

Although mechanical ventilation (MV) is indispensable to life-support therapy in critically ill patients, it may promote or aggravatelunginjury known asventilator-inducedlunginjury(VILI). 6-Gingerol is the principal ingredient of ginger with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in various diseases. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of 6-gingerol in the process of VILI has not been explicitly investigated. In the study, we found that pre-treatment with 6-gingerol significantly improved the histological changes and pulmonary oedema, inhibited neutrophil accumulation and the release of early pro-inflammatory cytokines and MPO, and reduced oxidative stress reactions after high MV. Moreover, 6-gingerol treatment also increased PPARγ expression and decreased NF-κB activation in rats subjected to high MV. Furthermore, GW9662, a specific PPARγ inhibitor, was demonstrated to activatethe NF-κB pathway and cancele the protective role of 6-gingerol in VILI. This indicates that 6-gingerol exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects in VILI by activating PPARγ and inhibiting the NF-κBsignalling pathway.