The C-sign in normal feet: a prospective study and novel imaging algorithm for subtalar joint tarsal coalition.

OBJECTIVE: The C-sign on lateral radiographs has been subject to considerable debate with respect to its reliable association to subtalar joint tarsal coalition. The purpose of this study was to determine to what degree subtalar joint pronation factors into (a) the appearance of both complete and incomplete type A C-signs and (b) the conspicuity of the middle facet in both flatfeet and rectus feet.

STUDY DESIGN: Forty-seven normal adult volunteers were enrolled into the study with a total of 92 feet, of which 42 were flexible flatfeet and 50 were rectus feet with normal subtalar joint range of motion. Lateral weight-bearing radiographs were taken of each foot in a position of (a) standing and (b) maximum subtalar joint pronation. Investigators evaluated images for the visibility of the middle facet, and the presence or absence of a continuous or interrupted type A C-sign.

PRINCIPAL RESULTS: No continuous C-signs were produced with extreme pronation in either the rectus/normal or flatfoot populations. Three incomplete type A C-signs were produced with pronation, two of which were in rectus feet. Two absent middle facet signs were also produced with pronation. Absent visualization of the facet had high positive and negative predictive values (1.00 and 0.99 respectively) for the presence of an incomplete C-Sign.

MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The standard, routine lateral foot/ankle radiographic image protocol for suspected talocalcaneal coalition should be modified routinely positioning the foot maximally supinated, thereby minimizing the possibility of producing C-signs (complete or type A incomplete) and/or absent middle facet signs with pronation in either normal or flatfeet. A novel algorithmic approach can then be simply applied to determine when ancillary CT scanning is warranted for suspected posterior facet coalition.