Emergence and Persistence over Time of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacter Isolates in a Spanish University Hospital in Madrid, Spain (2005-2018).

Carbapenemase production is constantly increasing among different Enterobacterales species. We analyzed the microbiological characteristics and population structure of all carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter spp. (CP-Ent) isolates recovered at the Ramón y Cajal Hospital between 2005 and 2018. Overall, 178 CP-Ent isolates (60.7% colonization, 39.3% clinical) were recovered from 165 hospitalized patients (165/176, 93.7%; medical [102/165], surgical [34/165], and intensive care unit [29/165] areas), emergency unit (4/176, 2.3%), and ambulatory patients (7/176, 4.0%). In addition, three CP-Ent were found in environmental sources. Clinical samples were mainly urine (37.1%). The most frequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)-identified species were Enterobacter cloacae ( n  = 85) and Enterobacter asburiae ( n  = 49). hsp 60 gene sequencing showed a higher species diversity than MALDI-TOF: 70 Enterobacter hormaechei- clusters III , VI , VIII ; 69 Enterobacter roggenkampii-IV ; 15 Enterobacter kobei-II ; 9 E. asburiae-I ; 3 Enterobacter ludwigii-V ; and 1 E. cloacae subsp. dissolvens-XII. Nine Klebsiella aerogenes were also identified. Overall, a high clonal diversity (Simpson Diversity Index >0.90) was found among CP-Ent-clusters. Environmental isolates were clonally related to clinical ones. Amikacin and tigecycline showed the highest susceptibility (>93%). VIM-1 ( n  = 133/181, 73.5%) and OXA-48 ( n  = 34/181, 18.8%) carbapenemases were predominant, followed by KPC-2 ( n  = 9/181, 5.0%), KPC-3 ( n  = 2/181, 1.1%), VIM-2 ( n  = 1/181, 0.6%), and two coproducers (VIM-1+KPC-2 and VIM-1+KPC-3). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) coproduction (14.4%) emerged in 2012, mainly associated with bla SHV-12 ( p  < 0.001), E. roggenkampii ( p  < 0.001), and colonization ( p  = 0.03). VIM-1- and OXA-48-CP-Ent fecal carriers increased in our hospital, particularly between 2011 and 2018 ( p  < 0.001). Moreover, KPC and OXA-48 producers emerged in 2010 and 2012, respectively. They superimposed over VIM producers, which were persistently recovered since first detection in 2005. These results depict increased complexity over time of CP-Ent.