Radiation therapy and the innate immune response: clinical implications for immunotherapy approaches.

Radiation therapy is an essential component of cancer care, contributing up to 40% of curative cancer treatment regimens. It creates DNA double-strand breaks causing cell death in highly replicating tumour cells. However, tumours can develop acquired resistance to therapy. The efficiency of radiation treatment has been increased by means of combining it with other approaches such as chemotherapy, molecule-targeted therapies and, in recent years, immunotherapy. Cancer-cell apoptosis after radiation treatment causes an immunological reaction that contributes to eradicate the tumour via antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. On the other hand, radiotherapy also contributes to the formation of an immunosuppressive environment that hinders the efficacy of the therapy. Innate immune cells from myeloid and lymphoid origin show a very active role in both acquired resistance and anti-tumorigenic mechanisms. Therefore, many efforts are being made in order to reach a better understanding of the innate immunity reactions after radiation therapy and the design of new combinatorial immunotherapy strategies focused in these particular populations.