Fibrinogen in equine pregnancy as a mediator of cell adhesion, an epigenetic and functional investigation.

Pre-implantation equine embryos synthesize and secrete fibrinogen, which is a peculiar finding as fibrinogen synthesis almost exclusively occurs in the liver. This study investigated the hypothesis that conceptus-derived fibrinogen mediates cell adhesion during fixation. At Day 21 of pregnancy five integrin subunits, including ITGA5, ITGB1, ITGAV and ITGB1, displayed significantly higher transcript abundance than at Day 16 of pregnancy. Endometrial epithelial cells adhered to fibrinogen in an integrin-dependent manner in an in-vitro cell adhesion assay. Bilaminar trophoblast and allantochorion expressed fibrinogen transcript, indicating that fibrinogen expression persists past fixation. Pre-implantation phase endometrium, conceptuses and microcotyledonary tissue expressed components of the clotting cascade regulating fibrin homeostasis, leaving open the possibility that fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. Fibrinogen is likely to have functions beyond mediating cell adhesion, such trapping growth factors and triggering signaling cascades, and has remarkable parallels to the expression of fibrinogen by some tumors. The deposition of fibrinogen within tumor stroma is characteristic of breast carcinoma, and tumor-derived fibrinogen has been implicated in the metastatic potential of circulating tumor cells. DNA methylation of the fibrinogen locus in equine conceptuses was examined in comparison to liver and endometrium, and across the full gene cluster, was significantly higher for endometrium than liver and conceptus. DNA methylation of regulatory regions did not differ between liver and conceptus, and was significantly lower than in endometrium. These results therefore support the hypothesis of DNA methylation being a regulator of fibrinogen expression in the conceptus.