The Pharmacoepidemiology of Psychotropic Medication Use in Canadian Children from 2012 to 2016.

Objective: The goal of this study was to characterize the frequency and trends of psychotropic drug prescribing in Canadian children from 2010 to 2016 and to compare these results with a previous study conducted between 2005 and 2009. Methods: Using a national physician panel survey database from IQVIA Canada, aggregated frequencies of written prescriptions and therapeutic indications for antipsychotics, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications (psychostimulants and nonstimulants), and antidepressants were analyzed in children. Changes in frequency of written prescriptions and therapeutic indications are presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Written prescriptions for antipsychotics decreased by 10% from 2010 to 2016, in contrast to a 114% increase in written prescriptions for antipsychotics observed between 2005 and 2009. Written prescriptions for psychostimulants and antidepressants rose by 35% and 27%, respectively, between 2012 and 2016, comparable with previous results. The most common reasons for recommending an antipsychotic were ADHD and conduct disorder, although there appears to be a downward trend for ADHD compared with other conditions. In contrast, the share of written prescriptions for antipsychotics for autism increased 34% over the study period. Within the second-generation antipsychotics, written prescriptions for aripiprazole increased. An increase in the use of guanfacine extended release for ADHD was also observed. Conclusion: Several factors may be involved in stabilization and small decrease in antipsychotic use in recent years, including physician and patient awareness of adverse effects related to antipsychotic use, knowledge implementation strategies advocating short-term and judicious use of antipsychotics in children, and the approval of guanfacine extended release for use in Canada for ADHD in 2013.