The Recognition of Emotional Abuse: Adolescents' Responses to Warning Signs in Romantic Relationships.

Emotional abuse in relationships is widespread and can have serious detrimental effects on subsequent functioning. Despite this, and despite the knowledge that adolescents aged 16 to 19 years are most likely to fall victim to abuse in romantic relationships when compared with older age groups, research surrounding warning signs of abuse and adolescents' responses to them has been lacking. This study explored adolescents' attitudes toward, and responses to, warning signs of emotional abuse. Males and females aged 16 to 19 years ( N = 171) from two high schools and one University completed a purpose-designed questionnaire containing 20 statements of warning sign behaviors. They then answered questions measuring perceived acceptability of these behaviors and proposed responses to them. Warning signs were separated into four domains: denigration, personal degradation, public degradation, and verbal aggression. As expected participants on average proposed passive or vague responses to warning signs in all four domains. Warning sign behaviors that involved personal degradation were perceived to be the least acceptable of all behaviors, but even "risk-aware" individuals still lacked knowledge of effective responses to warning signs. Females perceived warning sign behaviors to be the least acceptable and proposed the most assertive responses. However, the response protectiveness effect was reversed in those aged 19 years, with females proposing the least assertive responses. Although adolescents are aware of what constitutes unacceptable relationship behaviors, they still lack knowledge of the appropriate ways to respond to warning signs to discourage future abusive relationship behaviors. The implications of these findings for interventions and practical training for adolescents to prevent abuse are discussed.