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Relationship Between Physiological Umbilical Herniation and Liver Morphogenesis During the Human Embryonic Period: A Morphological and Morphometric Study.

It is widely hypothesized that physiological umbilical herniation (PUH) in humans occurs because the liver occupies a large space in the abdominal cavity, which pushes the intestine into the extra-embryonic coelom during the embryonic period. We have recently shown the presence of the intestinal loop in the extra-embryonic coelom in embryos with liver malformation. Here, we analyzed the relationship between the liver and PUH at Carnegie stage 21 of four embryos with liver malformation, including two with hypogenesis (HY1, HY2) and two with agenesis (AG1, AG2), using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography and compared them to two control embryos. The intestinal loop morphology in the malformed embryos differed from that in the control embryos, except in HY1. The length of the digestive tract in the extra-embryonic coelom of the embryos with liver malformation was similar or longer than that of the controls. The rate of intestinal loop lengthening in the extraembryonic coelom compared to that of the total digestive tract in all embryos with liver malformation was similar or higher than that of the controls. The estimated total abdominal cavity volume in the embryos with liver malformation was considerably smaller than that of the controls, while the intestinal volume was similar. The cardia and proximal portion of the pancreas connecting to the duodenum were located at almost identical positions in all the embryos whereas other parts of the upper digestive tract deviated in the embryos with abnormal livers. Thus, our results provided evidence that PUH occurred independently of liver volume. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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