Atomic and electronic reconstruction at the van der Waals interface in twisted bilayer graphene.

Control of the interlayer twist angle in two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures enables one to engineer a quasiperiodic moiré superlattice of tunable length scale1-8 . In twisted bilayer graphene, the simple moiré superlattice band description suggests that the electronic bandwidth can be tuned to be comparable to the vdW interlayer interaction at a 'magic angle'9 , exhibiting strongly correlated behaviour. However, the vdW interlayer interaction can also cause significant structural reconstruction at the interface by favouring interlayer commensurability, which competes with the intralayer lattice distortion10-16 . Here we report atomic-scale reconstruction in twisted bilayer graphene and its effect on the electronic structure. We find a gradual transition from an incommensurate moiré structure to an array of commensurate domains with soliton boundaries as we decrease the twist angle across the characteristic crossover angle, θc  ≈ 1°. In the solitonic regime (θ < θc ) where the atomic and electronic reconstruction become significant, a simple moiré band description breaks down and the secondary Dirac bands appear. On applying a transverse electric field, we observe electronic transport along the network of one-dimensional topological channels that surround the alternating triangular gapped domains. Atomic and electronic reconstruction at the vdW interface provide a new pathway to engineer the system with continuous tunability.