Avian Articular Orthopedics.

In most avian species, luxations occur infrequently compared with other orthopedic conditions. A comprehensive review about avian luxations was published 4 years ago. The aim of this article was to review and describe from an orthopedic point of view the different types of luxations and subluxations reported in birds, their surgical treatment, and, whenever possible, the potential limitations and complications related with these procedures.