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Charge and spin transport on surfaces and atomic layers measured by multi-probe techniques.

Thanks to advances in in situ measurement techniques for electrical transport in ultra-high vacuum together with emergent materials such as Rashba-type surfaces, topological insulators, atomic-layer superconductors, and two-dimensional materials like graphene, surface states and edge states on crystals provide intriguing topics, e.g., dissipation-less currents, spin-polarized electric current, and pure spin current. This is due to broken symmetry and strong spin-orbit and electron-phonon interactions. Here we review some examples of experimental techniques of multi-probe methods at macroscopic and microscopic scales, followed by transport phenomena revealed by them. These are opening a field in condensed matter physics driven by symmetry breaking at surfaces and atomic layers.

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