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MAIT cells, TCR γδ+ cells and ILCs cells in human breast milk and blood from HIV infected and uninfected women.

BACKGROUND: Human breast milk cells remains poorly characterised for the presence of unconventional T lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs).

METHODS: Early breast milk were collected from eight HIV-uninfected and eleven HIV infected women three to twelve days after delivery. Mucosal associated innate lymphocytes (MAIT cells), TCR γδ cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were analyzed in breast milk and paired blood samples.

RESULTS: CD161+/TRAV1-2+ MAIT cells were detected in breast milk, accounting for a median (IQR) of 0.08% (0.06-0.16) and 0.17% (0.16-0.31) of CD45+ breast milk cells in HIV uninfected and HIV infected women, respectively. A selective compartmentalization of γδ-T lymphocytes was observed in breast milk. Median (IQR) frequency of γδ-T lymphocytes was 8.95% (8.64-12.14) among breast milk lymphocytes cells compared to 2.54% (1.81-4.10) in blood (p=0.03) in HIV uninfected women, and 7.26% (4.22-10.54) in breast milk versus 3.31% (2.54-3.80) in blood (p=0.004) from HIV infected women. The proportion of group 1 ILC (ILC1) among total ILCs was higher in breast milk compared to blood in HIV uninfected women (p=0.03) and HIV infected (p=0.001). The frequency of ILC2 among total ILCs tend to be lower in breast milk compared to blood in HIV uninfected women (p=0.06) and HIV infected (p=0.03).

CONCLUSION: Unconventional T cells and ILCs that may be involved in both the protection against infection of the lactating mammary gland and maturation of infant's gut and microbiomes, account for a detectable fraction of breast milk cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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