The effects of glyphosate-based herbicide formulations on Lemna minor, a non-target species.

Research into plants plays an important role in evaluations of water pollution with pesticides. Lemna minor (common duckweed) is widely used as an indicator organism in environmental risk assessments. The aim of this study was to determine by biological Lemna test and chemical methods the effect of glyphosate (GlyPh) concentrations of 0-40 μM on duckweed, an important link in the food chain. There are no published data on glyphosate's effects on the activity of enzymes of the amine biosynthesis pathway: ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, tyrosine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase, and the content of shikimic acid and glyphosate residues in the tissues of common duckweed. It was found that glyphosate was taken up by duckweed. In plants exposed to 3 μM of glyphosate for 7 days, glyphosate content exceeded the acceptable Maximum Residue Level (MRL) 10-fold. Glyphosate accumulation in plant tissues exerted toxic effects on duckweed by decreasing its growth and yield, inhibiting the synthesis of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, and decreasing the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PSII). However, glyphosate increased the concentration of shikimic acid in the tested plants. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase increased 4-fold in plants exposed to 20 μM of the herbicide. As a water pollutant, glyphosate increased the content of biogenic amines tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. The activity of peroxidase and catalase was highest in duckweed exposed to 20 μM and 7 μM of the herbicide, respectively. The predicted toxic units were calculated based on glyphosate content and the computed EC values. The mean effective concentration calculated for all morphological and biochemical parameters of duckweed was determined at EC10  = 1.55, EC25  = 3.36, EC50  = 6.62 and EC90  = 14.08 μM of glyphosate. The study demonstrated that glyphosate, the active ingredient of Roundup Ultra 360 SL herbicide, induces morphological and biochemical changes in non-target plants and exerts toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems even during short-term exposure.