Prediction of Causal Genes and Gene Expression Analysis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Different Brain Region, a Comprehensive Integrative Analysis of ADHD.

Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 12 independent loci for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the causal genes expression and pathways of ADHD is still vague. We integrated GWAS, eQTL and genes expression data to find the causal genes, genes expression, and genes prioritization in the different brain tissues and whole blood cells. Overall 47 genes were prioritized, the most promising genes were LSG1, HYAL3, PIDD, PNPLA2, BLOC1S2, PLK1S1, CALN1, KAT2B, CTNNB1 and WDR11. Whereas, the CALN1, KAT2B, and WDR11 were previously associated with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar (BP) and drug abuse. Gene ontology analysis shows that the glutamate receptor signaling pathway (P = 8.009E-07, with false discovery rate (FDR) < 5%), GRIK5 sub network (P = 2.887E-06, FDR < 5%), abnormal gait (P = 3.657E-06, FDR < 5%), REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_ERBB2 (P = 5.161E-06, FDR < 5%), and abnormal nervous system physiology (P = 5.239E-06, FDR < 5%) were associated with ADHD. These causal genes were highly expressed in Fetal Astrocytes, Neurons, and Microglia/Macrophage. This study illustrates the comprehensive GWAS integrative approach of ADHD. However, further genetic and functional studies are required to validate the role of these genes in the etiology of ADHD, which should provide novel insights into the understanding of this disease.