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Sensor-free and sensor-based heart-on-a-chip platform: A review of design and applications.

Drug efficacy and toxicity are key factors of drug development. Conventional 2D cell models or animal models have their limitations for the efficacy or toxicity assessment in preclinical assays, which induce the failure of candidate drugs or withdrawal of approved drugs. Human organs-on-chips (OOCs) emerged to present human-specific properties based on their 3D bioinspired structures and functions in the recent decade. In this review, basic definition and superiority of OOCs will be introduced. Moreover, a specific OOC, heart-on-a-chip (HOC) will be focused. We introduce the HOC modeling in the sensor-free and sensor-based way and illustrate the advantages of sensor-based HOC in details by taking the examples of the recent studies. We provide a new perspective on the integration of the HOC technology and biosensing to develop a new sensor-based HOC platform.

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