Identification of genes functionally involved in the detrimental effects of mutant histone H3.3-K27M in Drosophila melanogaster.

Background: Recurrent specific mutations in evolutionarily conserved Histone 3 (H3) variants drive pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGG), but little is known about their downstream effects. The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in the detrimental effects of mutant H3.3-K27M, the main genetic driver in lethal midline HGG, in a transgenic Drosophila model.

Methods: Mutant and wild-type histone H3.3 expressing flies were generated using a φC31-based integration system. Genetic modifier screens were performed by crossing H3.3-K27M expressing driver strains and 194 fly lines expressing shRNA targeting genes selected based on their potential role in the detrimental effects of mutant H3. Expression of the human orthologues of genes with functional relevance in the fly model was validated in H3-K27M mutant HGG.

Results: Ubiquitous and midline glia-specific expression of H3.3-K27M but not wild-type H3.3 caused pupal lethality, morphological alterations and decreased H3K27me3. Knockdown of 17 candidate genes shifted the lethal phenotype to later stages of development. These included histone modifying and chromatin remodeling genes as well as genes regulating cell differentiation and proliferation. Notably, several of these genes were over-expressed in mutant H3-K27M mutated HGG.

Conclusions: Rapid screening, identification and validation of relevant targets in "oncohistone" mediated pathogenesis has proven a challenge and a barrier to providing novel therapies. Our results provide further evidence on the role of chromatin modifiers in the genesis of H3.3-K27M. Notably, they validate Drosophila as a model system for rapid identification of relevant genes functionally involved in the detrimental effects of H3.3-K27M mutagenesis.