Uterine transplantation.

Successful human uterine transplantation followed by subsequent pregnancy and live birth in a woman for whom this would otherwise have been impossible is a laudable goal. Research programs have been developed in several countries aimed at achieving this goal. The pioneering Swedish program has reported live births in six women, two of whom had a second pregnancy and birth. Five other live births have been reported from other countries. Most transplants were from a live donor, although recently a live birth has been reported following transplant from a deceased donor. The surgical procedure on a live donor is highly invasive, complex, hazardous, and long and may decrease her quality of life. The use of a deceased donor would partly simplify this issue and is being explored in several centers. Also explored are technical modifications to simplify the procedure and shorten the operating times. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) reminds us of the full array of options available to patients: 'including gestational carriers (surrogacy), adoption and child-free living'. The ASRM also recommends 55 years as the upper age limit for transfer of donor oocytes and embryos in healthy women. Would it not be more practical and less onerous for the prospective live donor to carry the pregnancy instead? Uterine transplantation remains an experimental procedure that requires the study and resolution of ethical, technical, financial, and social issues, all very important.