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Repression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha by AP-1 underlies dyslipidemia associated with retinoic acid.

Journal of Lipid Research 2019 Februrary 2
All- trans retinoic acid (atRA) is used to treat certain cancers or dermatologic diseases. A common adverse effect of atRA is hypercholesterolemia; cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A repression is suggested as a driver. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated CYP7A1 expression in the presence of atRA in human hepatocytes and hepatic cell lines. In HepaRG cells, atRA increased cholesterol levels dose dependently alongside dramatic decreases in CYP7A1 expression. Lentivrial-mediated CYP7A1 overexpression reversed atRA-induced cholesterol accumulation, suggesting that CYP7A1 repression mediated cholesterol accumulation. In CYP7A1 promoter reporter assays and gene knockdown studies, altered binding of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) to the proximal promoter was essential for atRA-mediated CYP7A1 repression. Pharmacologic inhibition of JNK and ERK pathways attenuated atRA-mediated CYP7A1 repression and cholesterol accumulation. Overexpression of AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos), a downstream target of JNK and ERK, repressed CYP7A1 expression. In DNA pull-down and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, AP-1 exhibited sequence-specific binding to the proximal CYP7A1 promoter region overlapping the HNF4α binding site, and atRA increased AP-1 but decreased HNF4α recruitment to the promoter. Collectively, these results indicate that atRA activates JNK and ERK pathways and the downstream target AP-1 represses HNF4α transactivation of the CYP7A1 promoter, potentially responsible for hypercholesterolemia.

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