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Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken leaves.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) is commonly used in the traditional medicine to treat a variety of painful conditions such as eye irritation, inflammation, arthritis, skin diseases, cuts, and wounds.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of H. caustica leaves with its possible mechanism of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh leaves of H. caustica were collected, dried, and extracted with methanol (MEHC). MEHC was subjected to anti-nociceptive activity testing using chemical-induced (acetic acid and formalin test) and heat-induced (hot plate and tail immersion test) pain models. Additionally, the possible mechanism behind the anti-nociceptive activity was verified both centrally and peripherally. In parallel, the carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract. Exploratory and motor behaviors were evaluated by the open-field test. Various bioactive compounds potentially responsible for the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were ascertained using GC-MS analysis.

RESULTS: MEHC showed strong, significant and dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity in all chemical-induced and heat-induced pain models at all experimental doses. The association of opioid receptors with the observed anti-nociceptive effects was confirmed by using naltrexone. The cGMP pathway was also shown to be involved in the anti-nociceptive activity of MEHC. In addition, MEHC exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of inflammatory edema induced by carrageenan. MEHC was not connected with changes in either the locomotor activity or motor responses of mice. In a GC-MS analysis, 40 compounds were identified, among which twelve are documented bioactive compounds with potent anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties.

CONCLUSIONS: Our current study revealed that MEHC possesses strong central and peripheral anti-nociceptive activity as well as anti-inflammatory activity. It may also be concluded that both opioid receptors and the cGMP pathway are involved in the analgesic mechanism of MEHC. This study rationalizes the ethnomedicinal use of H. caustica leaves in various painful conditions.

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