The signatures of microorganisms and of human and environmental biomes can now be used to provide evidence in legal cases.

The microorganisms with which we share our world go largely un-noticed. We are, however, beginning to be able to exploit their apparently silent presence as witnesses to events that are of legal concern. This information can be used to link forensic samples to criminal events and even perpetrators. Once dead, our bodies are rapidly colonised, internally and externally. The progress of these events can be charted to inform how long and even by what means a person has died. A small number of microbial species could actually be the cause of such deaths as a result of biocrime or bioterrorism. The procedures and techniques to respond to such attacks have matured in the last twenty years. The capability now exists to identify malicious intent, characterise the threat agent to isolate level and potentially link it to perpetrators with a high level of confidence.