Performance Measurement in Mental Health and Addictions Systems: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how performance is defined, conceptualized, and measured in mental health and addiction service systems around the world.

METHOD: We conducted a systematic scoping review of English-language scientific and gray literature published from 2005 to 2015. Eligible documents (n = 222) described performance measurement systems and outlined the theory or empirical evidence for indicators. We used a structured approach for data extraction and descriptive and thematic analysis, supplemented with stakeholder consultation.

RESULTS: We identified seven themes in the literature: similarity in performance domains across frameworks; the ability of frameworks to inform care quality at client, program/facility, and system levels; the predominance of indicators of process and outcome, over structure; the lack of evidence on the links between domains and/or indicators; common, but limited, evaluation of family/caregiver involvement; equity as a cross-cutting domain of performance; and limited attention to performance measurement in peer support services.

CONCLUSIONS: The literature on performance measurement in mental health and addictions services is vast, and a wide variety of indicators is available to those designing a measurement system. Evaluations of commonly used performance indicators have yielded mixed evidence on their ability to discriminate high- and low-performing service providers, and their sensitivity to changes in policies and practices. As performance measurement efforts grow in scope and complexity, work will be needed to ensure that indicators are fair, appropriate, and suited to support quality improvement in services of different types.